درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

P urpose- Unproductive activities refer to economic activities which do not have a positive effect on GDP, but have high profit and returns, which can eliminate productive activities. This is a phenomenon that has occurred in Iran in the last three decades. The aim of the present study is to analyze the factors causing and spreading unproductive activities using Fumanat area as the context. Design/methodology/approach- The study area is Fumanat, one of the historical regions of Gilan. The type of research is qualitative. In order to collect the required data and information, we conducted the various steps: First, using secondary data, the study illustrated changes in the share of employment in the economic sectors of the region, changes in the area of agricultural land use, as well as changes in the level of built land use. Second, conducting interviews with different business owners of each household, the common activities of households were studied to determine the evolution of productive activities in the sample villages. The common activities of households and among them unproductive activities were identified by inductive method. In order to understand the factors affecting the creation and expansion of unproductive activities, the qualitative approach of grounded theory was used. Findings- The study indicates that in the mountain zone, 39.1 percent of jobs, in the foothill zone, 32.3 percent of jobs, in the plain zone, 41.9 percent of jobs and in the coastal zone, 30.2 percent of jobs, can be categorized as unproductive activities. The existence of uncertainty, lack of support for productive activities, the property rights issue, inadequate privatization and dysfunctional institution system affect the expansion of unproductive activities in the region. Originality/value- Various studies have examined productive and unproductive sides in economic endeavors, most of which considered them with a macro point of view. The present study tries to investigate the contextually of the factors underlying these changes in a rural space and community.

Purpose- Rural-Local Marketing is a significant knowledge that has been associated with agricultural marketing, so the purpose of this concept is to separate the marketing of agricultural products and its lexical depth with a concept beyond the value chain in agriculture. Therefore, the event of rural-local marketing is not involved in production and supply and seeks to discover the dominant spatial patterns on distribution of rural products. Design/Method/Approach- According to this approach, 230 scientific sources (as a sample society) have been examined from the English language sources continuously and focusing on rural-local marketing. From the evaluation of the obtained research sources, a description of the literature in the field of rural-local marketing was presented, and then the communication between rural settlements among these societies with the suburbs and the center with the periphery was explored. Among the set of sources, 22 scientific concepts with the highest frequency were obtained, which were extracted and categorized by the statistical method of confirmatory factor analysis, including: rural marketing, local marketing, spatial model, network model, and integration. In the next steps, the content of all 230 scientific sources was measured with five factors, which tells the distribution learner of time periods and their spatial distribution. Findings- In abstracting the extracted concepts from the research, the details of ten-year and annual time periods, their spatial distribution on the scale of continents and countries have been dealt with in detail and can be identified by drawing the indicator spectrum on the world map, then the mentioned concepts which extracted from scientific sources were criticized and interpreted. In this regard, the leading countries in the field of rural-local marketing include India, the United States, England, and China, and in the next stage, Iran. One of the emphasis of this common study was the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC).

Purpose- the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating and measuring the realization of creative village indicators in Nair County, to provide grounds for creative class of rural community, audience and consumers of creative products outside the village environment by relying on ecological lifestyle processes. Design/methodology/approach- the present theoretical study is conducted with applied purposes using the descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the study is 33 villages in Nair County with more than 50 households, having a total of 2937 households. The sample size was estimated to be 340 people based on Cochran's formula. Distribution of the number of samples in the villages is determined in ratio with their population. In order to examine the subject in six dimensions of flexibility, innovation, promotion, risk taking, leadership and participation, 43 indexers were used in a combined manner, based on the studies of other researchers. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the panel of experts and specialists in this field and the reliability coefficient was calculated for the questionnaire at 0.723. Also, the opinions of 30 experts and specialists were used to give weight to indicators and indexers of the creative village through Swara weighting technique during two stages. The results show that, the average indices of creative village are not in a favorable situation. Findings- the results of single sample t-test indicated that, the total average of the creative village indicator was 2.993 and rural creativity in the study area is at a weak level and is vulnerable. The results of CODAS technique from the leveling of 33 villages showed that, 2 villages are at the optimal level and 17 villages are at the weak level. Among them, the villages of Golestan and Saqqechi were in the highest level and the villages of Qare Tape and Meymand were in the lowest level of creativity. Originality/value- In the present study, the rural creativity was examined from the viewpoints of both local community and experts using various techniques. And through several referring to experts and specialists, the importance of each index and their prioritization were checked and their accuracy was ensured. Also, most of the conducted studies have examined rural creativity in the field of tourism, while the present study has investigated rural creativity and its realization in general and in all fields.

Purpose- The purpose of the current research is to present a community-based tourism model in the mountain villages of Nowshahr County in Mazandaran province.Methodology- This research was conducted in two stages. In the qualitative part, a semi-structured and in-depth interview was conducted with 20 tourism activists, handicrafts and university experts with a theoretical and targeted method, and the analysis of the interviews was conducted with a Grounded Theory method. The classical grounded theory was done with the help of MAXQDA software. In the quantitative part Lawshe index have been used and in order to test the paradigm model, the final questionnaire was distributed among 384 people of Kojur mountain villages in a cluster and available method. In the last stage, by using Smart PLS software the structural model was examined. Findings- The community-based tourism model of mountain villages obtained in this research includes six components. Causal factors include two "Mental" and "Behavioral" components, contextual factors include three "Group", "Family" and "Individual" components, intervening factors include four "Infrastructural" and "Political-Law" components, "Economic" and "Socio-Cultural", strategies including four "Developmental", "Marketing and Product", "Financial" and "Educational" components and finally the consequences including three "Social-Cultural", "Environmental" and "Economic" components. Also, the main phenomenon in this model was "passion for action".Practical implications- Considering the problems of tourism in the mountainous villages of Kojur region, it is possible to develop community-based tourism by reducing the obstacles identified and strengthening the contexts by adopting development strategies, marketing and product, finance and education and created positive consequences.Original/value- By knowing and gaining insight into the formation process of community-based tourism in Kojur mountain villages and its effective factors and consequences, it is possible to develop better and more effective this type of tourism in the region.