روح الله حسینی

Industrial development depends on planning and formulation of strategy and systematic policies. The purpose of this research is to analysis phase of conventional strategies in order to progress of Iran’s industry in the international atmosphere. The statistical community of this study is included of experts and academic pundits. To do this at first identification of significant conventional industry’s strategy was determined. six strategies was founded and then was specified, using the criticality of each phase’s approach. According to data analysis, efficiency of technology transfer on industrial progress is more than other elements. On the second rank, domestic and foreign investment’s strategies, development of parent industries, development of infrastructure industries and designing strategy and industrial policies and finally government support strategies has been placed at the lowest level that means third rank. Therefore technology transfer plan was recognized as the most important strategy and specially it should be considered as the strongest strategy for developing industry. The insight that this model offers to managers and decision makers of the country’s industry can help them to plane strategy for developing.

One of the most critical issues in Iran's foreign policy is European countries' foreign policy toward the Iran-US crisis. The hostage crisis in Tehran on November 4, 1979 (Aban 13, 1358 SH) was the first Iran-US crisis to affect Iran's relations with Western countries. This study aims to investigate the following question: "What were the French policies toward the hostage crisis, and how were they formed?" To answer this question, the “strategic autonomy” framework was utilized to comprehend France's foreign policy. This research employs a "historical case study" methodology, which critically analyzes historical documents, such as press documents, official reactions, and diplomatic documents. The findings of this study indicate that the French foreign policy of this period can be analyzed using the concept of "strategic autonomy." In its relations with Iran, France adopted the policy of "independently regulating relations with a third country," "independence in foreign policy decision-making," and "ensuring the well-being of citizens," whereas in its relations with the US, it followed the policy of non-interference in the US's reciprocal crisis with the third party and maintaining economic interests.

Pour des raisons d’ordres moral et culturel, l’art iranien, dans toutes ses manifestations, théâtrale ou romanesque, dans la poésie ou dans la peinture, s’est fait, tout au long de son histoire, un monde imaginaire particulier où l’amour sensuel trouverait rarement lieu d’expression, et cela à travers l’ambigüité et la suggestion. Cet amour fait en effet diluer, si ce n’est étouffer, sa force à travers le texte et met ainsi son lecteur en face d’une double interprétation. Ce dernier se met en pendule entre le ciel et la terre. Aussi, peut-on parler d’une «expression obliquede l’amour charnel» à l’œuvre dans, par exemple, la littérature persane classique, laquelle donne une place primordiale à ce concept d’amour ainsi qu’à la description de l’être aimé dans un langage camouflé qui ne manque en rien à stimuler la sensualité du lecteur. Cette littérature est pour ainsi dire pleine de sensations charnelles qui, vu leurs manifestations indirectes, ont donné l’objet à de différentes interprétations chez les critiques. Les uns ont voulu voir comme platonique l’amour exprimé dans la poésie persane classique tandis que d’autres l’ont considéré comme parfaitement physique. Notre objectif, dans cet article, est d’examiner par une étude thématique et dans une approche socio-historique, les modalités de la présence du concept de l’amour dans la poésie classique iranienne, et cela en nous appuyant sur deux poètes phares de cette littérature, Hâfez et Saadî, tout en essayant de mettre en évidence les facteurs, historique, morale ou culturel qui caractérisent ce concept, et qui font que l’amour s’exprime d’une manière équivoque