فرح حبیب

Buildings play an important role in the energy demand sector. Due to the increase of environmental concerns and renewable energy sources restriction, lighting control systems will play an important role in the reduction of energy consumption of the lighting without impeding comfort goals. Lighting control systems can control lighting consumption according to the type of building, adequate luminance, occupation time, scheduled time etc. Better lighting not only can reduce the energy consumption of a room, it can improve the quality of work from its occupants. The main aim of the project is to determine the energy saved by using different artificial lighting control systems and find the best one. Honeybee plug-in for grasshopper in a space as a classroom simulated six different systems in this article and electricity, cooling and heating energy consumption for these systems were compared. Results show that “Auto dimming with switch off occupancy sensor” has the best annual operation and it saves eight times more electricity energy than the worst system which is the traditional “Always on during active occupancy sensor”. Considering thermal energy consumption also proves the priority of occupancy and daylight dimming system. Selecting a suitable lighting control system in initial steps of design or after construction is very affordable and increases environment quality.

The problem which has been the focus of city constructors and architectures since the beginning of citizenship life is the issue of the nature of environmental quality. This study, with a review of explaining paradigms of environmental quality and by reliance on basic works, has assumed the question of nature of environmental quality an interdisciplinary concept (civic construction, sociology, psychology) and is in seek of explaining perceptive quality factors from citizens' perspective. Since the nature of this study is multidimensional and understanding of its different aspects and answering of its relevant questions bounds researcher both to test present theories and to understand mental world of his or her subjects, therefore, synthetic approach has been applied for methodology of it. It should be mentioned that Delphi method has been applied so as to obtain different indices and factors of the study. To determine the unit of sampling, multiple-stage clustering sampling method has been used in a way that between 22 regions of Tehran municipality, based on their development, first 6 regions were selected and in the next stage all the local states of those 6 regions were listed and then six local states were randomly selected. Size of the sample of this study is 200 persons. The results show that most of the perceptive factors derived from qualitative section of the research conform to factors derived from quantitative section and questionnaire. In other words factors derived from qualitative section are the same as those derived from quantitative factors. The significant point to notice in this section is that some of the derived factors from this section couldn’t be categorized by previous theories but rather they belong to the research community of this study (i.e. local states of Tehran). Thus we can state that the total perceptive criteria of environmental quality of these local states are as follows: legibility, place atmosphere, permeability, peace, tranquility, liveliness, sensational rapture, time sense, civil justice, security, human standard, sociability.

The question from the mission of architecture and its relationship with human as the artist or the audience, without addressing to the reality issue and the manner of cognition is not possible. As a human phenomenon, architecture is a product of human awareness on various aspects such as scientific, engineering, and artistic aspects. Therefore, clarifying the nature and the manner of awareness, cognition and the methods and tools, can contribute to understand the art work. In continue the manner of advent and perception of wisdom in the Islamic architectural work would be analyzed. The research method is logical reasoning. Therefore, initially the Islamic worldview is posed based on the transcendental philosophy as the last and most important and major Islamic philosophy evolution, this approach is a strong system with logical method and has a strong theoretical transparency in order to understand the definition of components such as ontology, anthropology, epistemology and cosmology. After explaining principles of mental structures according to proposed Islamic worldview, the manner of emergence of the architectural work by creator of the work and how it is perceived by the audience and the work relationship with reality, based on the quad and quintet causes, ultimate and in instance, nominative, substantial, formal which have been considered in the formal position of discussion. The manner of Islamic architecture as nominative cause and the advent of thought and imagination, as the ultimate and in instance cause and actuality of the mass and the space, as substantial causes in the form of the face of place as formal cause is the purpose of this research. The manner of creation and perception of the work and the manner of presence and the advent of reality in architecture are exامینed by determining nature and the manner of emotions, perceptions and cognition. The most important result of this study is to address the main mission of architecture as the creator of the cognition factor.

The Clarification of the field-oriented thought in Iranian contemporary architecture through the sociological knowledge model can be studied and analyzed as a comparative model as well as the location of the phenomena of Iranian contemporary society, especially architecture. Although sociology of knowledge must be able to control the cause of social and historical deviation in the context of Iranian architecture and identify ways by correct standards of human thought to guide the social phenomenon, such as Architectural. In this article, structural and evolutionary analysis methods and data collection tools such as in-depth interviews, observation and local navigation, documents analysis, photographs and fieldwork to observe and analyze the social behavior and cultural changes in the design of the house were used. At the end of this study, the concept of approach, methodology and understanding the operational range were mentioned, and then the impact and influence of culture on the architecture in native housing areas and vice versa in the cases of surveys area were analyzed.

Urban space can be the most successful public arena in this century if employ the potentials for collective cooperation in creative ways in order to provide further services. The theory of creative city tries to strengthen the qualities which enhance the image of a city for the citizens and create a dynamic city in terms of culture and intercultural learning. Therefore, the existence of generator, open, and the popular spaces are necessary along 24 hours a day. Since the nightly work and activity gradually became parts of the urban life, urbanization requirements converted night into day for people, and the urban spaces allocated a special position in this phenomenon. Desirable urban spaces should be made in response to the present urban environment of the cities. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to present designed solutions in order to interactive lighting to create live and urban spaces. The study uses a qualitative research method and a case study, based on field studies via a questionnaire and direct observations, meanwhile recognizing the principles of making creativity in urban spaces and the study of physical and social environments of Ahmadabad Avenue- Mashhad are investigated by using SPSS to analyze formal, qualitative and visual values in the space. Results of this study indicate whatever emphasized in urban design and the darkness comes following the sunset, may arise disorder in its performance, to helping artificial light modeling keep its efficiency during the night.

Pedestrian areas are a type of urban public space, nowadays because of the serious consequences of car-dependency and ignoring pedestrian needs, a consensus on the importance of walking and the necessity for planning for pedestrians movement has been formed among urban designers, planners and people. The concerns about human health and movement in city create a new trend in contemporary urbanism, entitled “pedestrianization movement”. So far, walking in the streets has been defined under the influence of cars and they have always been given a priority over pedestrians. As a result, cars gradually conquer urban spaces, retreat pedestrians from their essential rights to use public spaces. If it is accepted that the quality of urban public areas has a considerable influence on citizens’ everyday social activities, this influence can be seen much greater in car free zones than anywhere else in the city. The main attention of the present study is enhancing social interactions in urban spaces, so the main purpose of the study is finding solutions and providing a model and design criteria to promote social interaction of citizens. The research methodology is qualitative which is based on reviewing literature of pedestrian areas and social interactions. The case of study is Khajoo Neighborhood, one of the oldest and historical neighbors of Isfahan1. The result shows that design of pedestrian zones invite people and residents to spend their time in urban space and have social interactions.

Urban space has been formed in historical texture of cities under the influence of meaning and shape on the one hand and qualities related to human behaviors on the other hand. Among these points, neighborhood centers as the most important areas of social life in urban open space play a critical role in attracting people and improving quality and vitality of environment. This study presents the related literature in an analytical approach and expresses the relationship between neighborhood centers and human presence by structure analysis; it focuses on rules governing presence quality and formed behaviors in this places. In this survey, human and his presence in neighborhood centers are evaluated and urban spaces concept is formed by composing space location characteristics and human behavior. At least, it is sated that people`spresence in urban space of neighborhood centers expresses their thoughts and cultural interactions whose form shows its function and meaning. Therefore, humans would appear in urban space in a way that neighborhood centers quality depends on activity kind and their user's behavioral patterns.

Culture has always been regarded as the most important element of human communities; we can easily observe cultural changes. What causes these changes has been a matter of controversy. The issues such as people’s increasingly getting detached from each other, psychopathy, behavioral abnormalities, traditions being increasingly faded away, malformation, extravagancy and value conversion into anti-values led the authors to conduct an investigation into the factors which cause such changes to happen. Moreover, the paper proposes strategies for improving the situation. First, the concept of culture and its elements are discussed. Then, the impact of urban physical aspects on the culture is dealt with. In developing a theoretical framework for the study, content analysis was performed. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were employed for small-scale (micro-level) and large-scale (macro-level) case studies, respectively. Finally, the results were discussed and a model was proposed for the impact of the urban physical aspects on culture and behavior.