Architecture and Urban Development (IJAUD)

Wind load in architectural engineering can be defined as the natural load produced by air and is considered the most vital factor in design because this load significantly impacts structures, especially tall buildings. In this regard, drag force is the crucial wind force in tall building design. Even if the structure's safety is verified by using advanced technologies and high-quality materials, the vibrations caused by the wind force can still reach beyond the human comfort zone and may cause concern. The main goal of this study is to identify the wind aerodynamic factors in the urban boundary layer and evaluate the drag coefficient in tall-square buildings. Seven sample squared-plan buildings with aerodynamic modifications (corners) including recessed, rounded, and chamfered corners, and aerodynamic forms including set-back, tapered, and helical/twisted compared to the base (sharp corner) model. Autodesk Flow Design 2014 software was performed as a wind tunnel simulator. The software utilizes a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence model solver to account for turbulence within the wind tunnel. LES is a mathematical model for turbulence used in computational fluid dynamics of the atmospheric boundary layer. The results showed that the sq6 with the aerodynamic tapered form had the best performance compared to other samples, which was about 50%. The sq3 sample with chamfered aerodynamic modification could reduce the building's drag coefficient and wind effect by about 42%.

Architectural design has grown alongside the expansion of digitalism's aspects, and design initiatives are the product of several collaborations, interactions, and nodes. Focusing on an architectural competition as a case s tudy, this article demons trates how the architectural design process works by highlighting the characteris tics of a network produced by the assemblage between heterogeneous nodes. These assemblages could modify every design phase and outcome according to their s trengths and weaknesses. Therefore, the socio-technical aspect of the design process is used to demons trate the reciprocal relationship between nodes as humans and nonhumans. This paper uses a qualitative approach by using the methodological aspect of actor-network theory to map the intricacies of the design process from three independent narrations to give complementary components to form the design process's multiplex network. Thus, the s tudy proposes a paradigm for exhibiting and grasping the complex data network in architectural design and boos ting the value of unseen data that may significantly impact outcomes.

Nowadays, clutter and visual clutter have become common characteris tics of cities. The main cause of this confusion and visual clutter is the presence of urban facades with an abnormal appearance that s tands out in the city. Meanwhile, the firs t image seen of a building is its facade, which can play a role in creating the order or visual clutter. This heterogeneity is more apparent in the facades of Tehran city, especially in the vicinity of its main s treets, which have the mos t daily passers-by. However, what parts of the facade have caused visual clutter, and what was the mos t colorful visual part of the facade in this context? In the field of visual clutter, urban facades can be as effective as urban walls. Materials, colors, changing s tyles and contexts, different compositions of forms. These can be the factors that create and increase this visual clutter in monographs. In this research, by examining the three s treets that collect garbage in the areas that have had the highes t number of building permits issued in the las t ten years, single facades with visual clutter have been identified, and then by examining the components of these facades, the common characteris tics of each in terms of components have been identified. The composition of the facade was checked. This research shows that additions, materials, colors, and windows have the greates t impact on the visual clutter of urban facades in the examined samples.

The principles of passive defense in cities will contribute to the development of sus tainable security in urban areas, and failure to comply with these principles will increase human casualties and economic losses, especially in times of crisis. Improving and correcting urban s tructures can mitigate potential damage incurred during a crisis. The purpose of this s tudy is to compare the concept of Garden City proposed by Howard and Mata's Linear City through the s tandpoint of passive defense with a view of urban s tructure. Data collection was performed using library resources. Each approach's s trengths and weaknesses were inves tigated, including centrality, accessibility, and land use dispersion. The results of the s tudy exhibited that the centrality principle in Mata's Linear City concept is superior to Howard's garden city, while the principles of accessibility and dispersion of land use take priority in Howard's garden city.

Urban spaces are the heart of any city. These spaces play a crucial role in improving citizens' quality of life, welfare, and mental health. In recent decades, there have been growing concerns among urban experts over the widespread disregard for public spaces due to the dominance of capitalism and changes in citizens' lifes tyles due to their crucial needs being ignored. Despite the considerable efforts to develop urban spaces in Iranian cities, there are s till huge gaps between proposed plans and implementation processes. Due to limited resources and execution mechanisms, it is necessary to identify such spaces based on real-world needs and prioritize them in the implementation phase. In line with this, the present s tudy seeks to develop an efficient method for identifying potential public spaces in deteriorated urban neighborhoods through participative processes, reducing the cos ts and time of projects, and increasing the effectiveness of projects employing the urban acupuncture approach. The data collection and analysis tools used in this s tudy include semi-s tructured interviews, focus group discussions, analysis of documents related to the development of the neighborhood under s tudy, space syntax analysis using Depth Map software, prioritization of indicators using AHP ques tionnaire and analyzing them in Expert Choice software, and analysis and overlaying information in ArcGIS software. The findings related to the Pamenar neighborhood in Tehran sugges t that it is practically possible to identify and prioritize the public spaces through the urban acupuncture approach by s tudying and analyzing motion flows. Finally, 13 urban spaces have been identified and prioritized in the neighborhood. 

To s tudy human social behavior concerning the environment, the concepts of privacy, personal space, and territory have been s tudied by interdisciplinary experts. Examining how behavior is formed in the environment is very important in improving the environment's design with the culture of uses. Since experts in the field of architecture and urban planning need to provide real and objective solutions, they often do not have the opportunity to conduct practical research on the concepts of privacy. Identifying the formation of privacy of users can be desirable in the design of new housing. By linking the main concept and how they are in the architectural elements of different cultures, a cultural pattern appropriate to each region can be achieved. The main purpose of this s tudy is to link the main concept with the cultural and architectural perspectives. This logical reasoning s tudy used content analysis in two fields privacy and culture. For this purpose, definitions related to the privacy of collection and the method of open coding of its categories have been extracted. Then the privacy layers are extracted using social sciences and environmental psychology s tudies by summarizing qualitative content analysis. The semantic model of Rapoport's cultural meaning and privacy are combined in the research, and the main matrix of how the cultural layers of privacy are formed is drawn. Based on this matrix, the layers of social behavior can be categorized from the initial qualitative-perceptual level to quantitative-behavioral.

Over time, the use of underground spaces has changed and has been considered for various other purposes. Many US1 built for a specific period with a specific purpose have been left without a specific function today. The reason for this can be considered the lack of a clear and codified plan in the face of these spaces. Therefore, the importance of underground issues related to US jus tifies the inclusion of UUS2 in urban index sys tems. Hence, due to the depletion of activity, many US today have created bubbles lacking function under the skin of cities; with proper identification, it will be possible to use them in the service of cities and citizens. Thus, the main Goals of Current research are -Recognizing the characteris tics of US -The typology of the urban US, and -Solutions to reproduce the urban US. This research is a scientific review, and the information collected is documentary-oriented. The lack of reliable sources in the fields of architecture and civil engineering in the subject of US, geographical extent, and diversity of species of these spaces on the planet show the importance of this research. Therefore, typology and solutions for reproducing urban US are presented from two methods of inves tigating the theoretical foundations and known projects in the field of US. The present s tudy's findings based on the literature review and reproduction of US showed that these spaces could be defined into six categories.

 As cities become more and more crowded, urban environmental noise increases. This paper discusses the practical recognition of the Mashhad MELAT Park sidewalk's soundscape. The purpose of this s tudy is to answer the ques tion of the Mashhad MELAT Park sidewalk's soundscape in people's minds. On-site sound recordings have been collected from the 1s t of November, December, and January of 2022 in consecutive places on Mashhad MELAT Park sidewalk and EMAMAT Boulevard. Sound and soundscape are sense s timulants that impact on quality of urban spaces. Sound, as one of the inseparable parts of the urban atmosphere, influences individual behavior, choosing the urban space, s taying or passing by, perception of people from urban space, and overlay it influences the quality of urban spaces. Nowadays, variety and increasing sound sources from traffic, human activities, and dis turbing sounds have created unpleasant soundscapes, leading to unclear sonic perception in citizens. The research is applicatory and descriptive-analytical. Data collection tools were done through sound walking (recordings for sound walking were up to 5 meters in dB by Calibrator S t-8851 sound meter device for numerical analysis), photography, and ques tionnaires based on people's mental perception. The data analysis method was performed through SPSS Analysis, sound maps, and GIS maps for qualitative analysis. Surveys showed a lack of invigorating sound resources on this sidewalk, expressing the dominance of vehicle traffic horns over natural and people sounds. Concentrating on soundscape in urban spaces leads to achieving sus tainable urban spaces.