درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

One of the main concerns in educational settings has been the degree of the learners’ involvement in learning and the extent to which they actively participate in classroom talks and interactions. The present study is an emic-based ethnographic study aimed at providing insights about patterns of talk and different degrees of interaction in EFL university classes with a specific focus on teacher’s role. To this end, three different classes were observed for twelve consecutive sessions. Students were both male and female senior EFL students at Najafabad Azad University. The age of the participants ranged between 22 and 28. These classes were taught by the same instructor so that the researcher was directly involved in observing participants’ interactions in the targeted classrooms and in the data collection procedures. The participants’ oral behavior was carefully observed and recorded. To guarantee higher validity, some participants were also interviewed. The results of data analysis revealed that male and female students showed different degrees of contribution to classroom interactions. However, the students’ degree of involvement in the classroom discussions were linked to the related schemata, type of activity, and learners’ interest in the conversation topic rather than interactants’ gender. In addition, most of the involvements were teacher-initiated and directed. Notably, the findings can be of considerable value to teachers’ professional development and can highlight the importance and the value of using specific strategies that can be introduced and employed by the teacher to increase the degree of the students’ involvement in classroom interactions as well as motivate them to take responsibility of their own learning.

مطالعه حاضر به بررسی نمود تخصص در تدریس معلمان انگلیسی در محیطهای رسمی آموزشی ایران پرداخته است. به طور خاص این تحقیق با این هدف شکل گرفت که نشان دهد چطور معلمان زبان انگلیسی در دبیرستانها و اساتید زبان عمومی در یک دانشگاه دولتی ایران خصوصیات تخصص در تدریس را آشکار میسازند. این تحقیق همچنین به مقایسه خصوصیات تخصص در تدریس معلمان و اساتید تازه کار و باتجربه در دبیرستان و دانشگاه پرداخته است. به این منظور طی یک تحقیق کیفی، 10 معلم دبیرستان و 10 استاد دانشگاه به صورت هدفمند برای مشاهده و مصاحبه انتخاب شدند. هر گروه شامل 5 معلم تازه کار و 5 معلم با تجربه بود. بعد از 3-2 جلسه مشاهده کلاس درس معلمان (به عنوان منبع اصلی داده ها) و یک جلسه مصاحبه با همه شرکت کنندگان، همه موارد و نمونه های تخصص در تدریس معلمان استخراج شد. این نمونه ها بعدا به صورت 6 نوع تخصص در تدریس طبقه بندی شدند: تخصص در مدیریت، تخصص در ایجاد انگیزه و ارائه راهنمایی و بازخورد، تخصص آموزشی، تخصص در شناخت مفاهیم، تخصص در ایجاد ارتباط بین موضوعات مختلف درسی و تخصص در مدیریت چالش ها. سپس جدولی طراحی شد که شامل همه انواع تخصص در تدریس و نمونه ها و مثالهای هر کدام بود (که از گزارشات مشاهدات و هم چنین از ادبیات موضوع استخراج شده بود). داده ها برای هر کدام از معلمان دوباره به صورت دقیق مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و مواردی که در تدریس عملی آنها وجود داشت در جدول علامت گذاری گردید. قدم بعدی مطالعه دقیق الگوهای تخصص در تدریس برای هر گروه از معلمان بود. تحلیل داده های جمع آوری شده نشان داد که تخصص در تدریس به صورت تقریبا مشابهی در تدریس عملی معلمان 4 گروه نمود پیدا کرده بود. سه گروه یعنی معلمان با تجربه دبیرستان و اساتید تازه کار و با تجربه دانشگاه موفقیت 100 درصدی را در حداقل یکی از انواع تخصص در تدریس نشان دادند که مربوط به ایجاد ارتباط در بین موضوعات درسی بود. این نوع تخصص تدریس برای معلمان تازه کار دبیرستان تنها 60 درصد بود. اساتید با تجربه دانشگاه تنها گروهی بودند که در دو نوع از تخصص یعنی تخصص در شناخت مفاهیم و ایجاد ارتباط بین موضوعات درسی به موفقیت کامل (100 درصدی) رسیدند. و معلمان تازه کار دبیرستان تنها گروهی بودند که در هیچ کدام از انواع تخصص در تدریس موفقیت کامل 100 درصدی را به دست نیاوردند.

In this study, the researcher used the many-facet Rasch measurement model (MFRM) to detect two pervasive rater errors among peer-assessors rating EFL essays. The researcher also compared the ratings of peer-assessors to those of teacher assessors to gain a clearer understanding of the ratings of peer-assessors. To that end, the researcher used a fully crossed design in which all peer-assessors rated all the essays MA students enrolled in two Advanced Writing classes in two private universities in Iran wrote. The peer-assessors used a 6-point analytic rating scale to evaluate the essays on 15 assessment criteria. The results of Facets analyses showed that, as a group, peer-assessors did not show central tendency effect and halo effect; however, individual peer-assessors showed varying degrees of central tendency effect and halo effect. Further, the ratings of peer-assessors and those of teacher assessors were not statistically significantly different

پرسشواره های اصلی زبان انگلیسی شامل عبارات متمم سازی هستند که در آنها کلمه پرسشی به جایگاه شاخص منتقل شده است. این اتفاق بدین دلیل می افتد که کلمات پرسشی زبان انگلیسی، که در اصل متمم فعل می باشند، آنقدر قوی هستند که به ابتدای جمله حرکت کنند و موجب وارونگی فعل کمکی شوند. فارسی زبانانی که انگلیسی را به عنوان زبان خارجی فرا می گیرند با یک دشواری ناشی از تفاوتی اساسی بین دو زبان مواجه می شوند که مربوط به فراگیری قاعده وارونگی فعل کمکی در پرسشهای استاندارد زبان انگلیسی است. پس از یادگیری قاعده مذکور، احتمال زیادی وجود دارد که فراگیران این قاعده را به شکل نابجایی به پرسشواره های غیرمستقیم یا درونه شدگی زبان انگلیسی تعمیم دهند. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی دانش فراگیران فارسی زبان درمورد پرسشواره های درونه شدگی زبان انگلیسی مخصوصا هنگام تولید شفاهی این پرسشواره ها است. بدین منظور 48 زبان آموز فارسی زبان در سطح دانشگاه به عنوان شرکت کننده انتخاب شدند. یک آزمون بیان شفاهی پرسشواره های درونه شدگی زبان انگلیسی، یک آزمون ترجمه، و یک آزمون قضاوت دستوری شامل پرسشواره های درونه شدگی به عنوان ابزارهای جمع آوری داده استفاده شدند. نتایج نشان داد که فراگیران سطح متوسط پایین در تولید و بیان صحیح پرسشواره های درونه شدگی مشکلاتی داشتند. به همین شکل دشواری هایی در آزمون قضاوت دستوری مشاهده شد. همچنین دشواری هایی برای فراگیران سطح متوسط و متوسط بالا هم مشاهده شد. نتیجه اصلی در آزمون بیان شفاهی به دست آمد، جایی که تفاوت معناداری بین فراگیران در سه گروه بسندگی زبانی در مورد تولید صحیح پرسشواره های درونه شدگی زبان انگلیسی مشاهده نشد. این یافته تایید می کند که کار بیشتری پیرامون تولید شفاهی زبان انگلیسی توسط فراگیران فارسی زبان با تاکید بر پرسشواره های درونه شدگی زبان انگلیسی مورد نیاز است.

Task-based language teaching is considered an effective way to achieve a harmony between grammar and communication. The present study investigates two different ways of teaching modal verbs: task-based versus traditional approaches. To this purpose, an Oxford Placement Test was administered to select 40 homogeneous participants out of a larger population who took this test. The selected participants were randomly divided into experimental and control groups of 20 students each. Those in the experimental group attended an English class six days a week, practicing grammar through tasked-based approach, while the control group did not receive any task-based work. The OPT was administered at the end of the semester again to see which group could do modal verbs better. A final test of modal verb tasks was also administered at the end of the study to see if all the learners have improved in using modal verbs in the same way/at the same amount through task-based language teaching. The results of this study indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between the experimental group and the control group, meaning that teaching modal verbs through task-based approaches has been more effective than teaching them in traditional ways. It was also revealed that the modal verb can was improved much more, while have to and must were improved less. The results of the study may have a significant implication for teaching modal verbs in particular and language learning in general.

This study focused mainly on the shifts of the grammatical cohesion in texts translated from English into Persian. It aimed to identify the grammatical cohesive devices (GCDs) in ST and TT separately, based on Halliday and Hassn's Model (1976), determine the number of occurrences of GCDs in two texts and finally, illustrate types of shifts of grammatical cohesion and strategies used in TT. To achieve these aims, a mixed-method (comparative and descriptive model) research design was used to spot cohesive shifts in TT due to translation, together with the employed strategies. To this purpose, the book, Oral Reproduction of Stories was investigated, with its translation. 39 different stories by different writers were selected as the sample of analysis. The results showed that the TT adopted all the three types of GCDs except verbal and casual substitution, with verbal substitution in Persian being carried down by reference, ellipsis and lexical cohesion. The occurrence of GCDs in the TT was more frequent than that of ST. Regarding the general analysis of the cohesion shifts, the study showed that three types of shifts (i.e. establishment of new cohesion, elimination of cohesion and change of type of cohesive features) occur in translation. Finally it was revealed that the translation strategies undertaken by the various translators are motivated and influenced by three factors (i. e. systemic language differences Baker (1992), stylistic preferences and the translation process itself (Blum- Kulka, 1986).

This study aimed to determine the relationship between L2 learners' autonomy and their cognitive style focusing on reflectivity. It was conducted with 140 Iranian M.A. EFL learners from Department of English at Islamic Azad University of Najafabad. In order to have a homogeneous sample, the second version of Quick Placement Test (QPT) was administered. Then, 85 lower and 50 higher proficiency students were selected based on the scoring level chart of the QPT. In order to estimate participants' autonomy, the Learner Autonomy Questionnaire was administered. Then, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was used to determine the participants' degree of reflectivity. To answer the research questions descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were employed. The results revealed that, 1) There was a weak positive relationship between low proficiency L2 learners' level of autonomy and their degree of reflectivity, 2) There was a strong positive relationship between high proficiency L2 learners' level of autonomy and their degree of reflectivity. Finally, the implications of the study for EFL teachers, learners and syllabus designers were discussed.

The present study is an attempt to find out whether there is a significant relationship between EFL teachers’ Big Five personality traits and their self-concept. In addition, ittried to examine if there is any significant relationship between teachers' teaching experienceand their self-concept. 112 EFL teachers participated in this study. They were asked to complete NEO Five Factor Inventory and Teacher Self-concept Evaluation Scale. Data were analyzed using Correlation, Multiple Regressions, and ANOVA. Results indicated thatself-concept was significantly correlated with four components of the Big-Five personality traits.It was positively related with ""Neuroticism"", ""Openness to experience"" and ""Conscientiousness"", but negatively related with ""Agreeableness"". It was also revealed that there was not any statistically significant difference among the three groups (low, mid, and high experience EFL teachers) with respect to their self-concept. The overall results of the study were discussed, and the implications for policy and practice were made.