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This paper aims to show the asymmetric effect of oil shocks on Iran’s economy. It uses nonlinear time series models to investigate the asymmetric effect of oil shocks on resource allocation in Iran’s economy. The results show that adverse oil shocks have been more persistent during the last decades and severely negatively affect resource allocation in Iran’s economy. Different oil shocks have different implications for importing and exporting countries, and the rigidity of state fiscal systems in exporting countries causes adverse oil shocks to be more persistent. The oil economy’s response to positive and negative oil shocks depends on the structure of the economy. The government budget and trade balance have significant implications for the effects of oil shocks on oil-exporting economies. The government budget is highly dependent on oil revenues, so in the case of adverse oil shocks, the pass-through exchange rate will cause high inflation because of foreign exchange shortage and overshoot in the exchange rate. 

Today, management requires a new approach in the areas of production planning and operations process with a cost management approach. Organizations and industrial units to lead their lives, by recognizing the impact points of the challenges ahead and positive impact, guide and lead them to advance the goals of the organization. Economic dispatching with particle swarm optimization algorithm approach is an approach in the field of industrial units. Dispatching tries to determine the share of production capacity in a way that optimizes the overall performance of the system economically and improve system performance, including: production and process planning, supply and demand balance, cost management, productivity growth, optimal allocation of resources according to the capacity of tanks, formulation of production and operational strategies, the impact on the strategic vision document. In this research, an attempt has been made to perform economic dispatching with the approach of particle swarm optimization algorithm with hypothetical information to measure the feasibility of implementation and its impact on the overall performance of the system and production process and operations.

For every organizational and project activity, decisions should be made to delegate necessary resources. The objective of the current paper is to assist the oil and gas managers in aligning each functional level of strategy to make decisions on resource delegation. This can be conducted by creating a synergy which increases organizational performance. The methodology used in this research is based on a case study on Iran’s South Pars oil and gas zone. The purpose of the present work is to find the alignment pattern classified on social structuralism domain. This study is explanatory, qualitative, and developmental since it applies the fuzzy set theory to measurements. Presented herein is a comprehensive model according to the systematic and scientific approaches in the field of management. The main purpose of this model is to create organizational strategy alignment in severe environmental conditions and in the presence of external economic sanctions in South Pars oil and gas projects. The statistical society included in this study were the managers and CEO’s who had in-depth experience in South Pars projects for more than five years. Since the number of the managers were 43, the possibility of data gathering allowed for not using the sample size. The results show that by increasing strategic alignment (SA) among strategy functions, structure, human resource, and technology, the level of organizational performance rises, and the fuzzy model of SA leads to better statement reality.       <strong> </strong>

This study aimed to develop Oil approaches affected by effective factors for the success of economy-based entrepreneurship in the Oil Industry. In other words, efforts were made to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the development of Oil approaches under the impact of effective factors for the success of economy-based entrepreneurship in the Oil Industry. A review of the previous studies in this field revealed that the factors affecting the development of Oil approaches affected by factors involved in the success of economy-based entrepreneurship in the Oil Industry were institutional, organizational, environmental, economic, technological and opportunity recognition criteria. The present research was applied in terms of goal and survey, cross-sectional regarding data collection method and time frame. The statistical population consisted of experts in the country’s oil industry system. In total, 16 individuals were selected from the central bank managers by purpose sampling. Data were collected using an expert questionnaire, and the fuzzy Delphi method was applied to ensure the validity of the identified indicators. In addition, the reliability of paired comparisons was assessed by calculating the incompatibility rates via the Gogus and Butcher method. In this regard, reliability was acceptable in all cases of less than 0.1. The ranking of key criteria showed that economic factors had of the highest importance, followed by institutional, environmental, organizational, opportunity recognition process, and technological factors.

Technical and environmental challenges resulted from an off-design running condition of processes on a platform is an important issue. The weakness of strategies to stop or decrease the amount of the greenhouse gas emission production rate in the Persian Gulf is another important matter of concern which is intensively increasing. Recently, modern methods of energy generation from available renewable potentials near offshore platforms are suggested in the literature. Integration of renewable energy converters with offshore oil and gas platforms can solve both problems with machinery and environment to an acceptable extent. In this study, the economics of an offshore complex installed in the Persian Gulf is subjected to two different power generation systems. The first case defines the present condition in which the total power demand of the complex is supplied by burning the associated extracted natural gas on board the platform in its thermal power plant. The second case considers a wind farm located near Bardekhun in Bushehr province to be connected to the complex power network and shares its renewable source generated power with the platform. The economics and relative emission production of both cases are compared. Wind speed average and wind turbine power generation are considered having uncertainties. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method is used to consider those uncertainties in outcomes. The second case is found obviously more beneficial however there are some conservative assumptions included due to a shortage of data and limitations which makes it more attractive.

The present article aims to argue indirect expropriation in international petroleum agreements and to analyse the response of international arbitrations. In particular, international arbitral awards by the Iran-US Claims Tribunal, the Yukos case as an Energy Charter Treaty Arbitration and certain North American Free Trade Agreement cases have been examined. The recent trend shows that taking of foreign investors’ property may take place not only through legislation or nationalisation but also by indirect methods that can have the same effect as direct expropriation. Indirect expropriation does not necessarily require transfer of legal title from the international oil company to the host state. Hence, it is difficult to make a distinction between legitimate regulation and measures, which are tantamount to expropriation with the payment of compensation. The identification of an indirect expropriation is complex and depends upon the examination of the legitimate expectations of the investor concerning enjoyment of its investment. Host governments may employ different methods to achieve what amounts to direct taking, but without acknowledging it as such, to avoid legal consequences of expropriation and then payment of compensation.

Nowadays, using appropriate technologies in order to increase productivity of production factors can be resulted in optimal factors employment and production enhancement in factories. Technological change is considered as one of the main sources of productivity growth. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the various aspects of technological change and their relationship with total factor productivity in Iran’s petroleum refineries. In order to achieve this goal, we used the econometric method to estimate the cost function. This method seems useful to estimate the structure of factors demand, considering changes in factors prices and technology status. We estimated a translog cost function as well as equations system of cost share, using Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR) approach from 1982 to 2012. The results show that the average rate of technological change was -0.482 percent over the study period. It means that over time, the cost growth rate of production units was decreased mainly due to technological change. Furthermore, the results indicate that technological change was biased towards the use of more labor and material, while it saved more capital and energy. Also, based on the estimation results, we decomposed total factor productivity growth rate into the contributions of technological change and economies of scale. Decomposition results show that the share of technological change in the productivity growth is greater than that of scale economies.

This applied research carried out to identify the main and secondary components affecting organizational agility in the University of Petroleum Industry in Iran. In the qualitative section, by reviewing the researches and using a designed questionnaire, 13 hypotheses affecting the organizational agility of the University of Petroleum Industry have been evaluated. The statistical population includes 229 experts working in Ahvaz, Abadan, Tehran and Mahmoudabad colleges. According to the recommended results, out of 42 identified sub-components, 39 components have been confirmed as well as all 13 main hypotheses. The results show that the main effective components with organizational agility followed as organizational agility, human resource value creation, organizational leadership, strategic agility of managers, ICT management, training and empowerment of faculty and staff, establishing knowledge management, strengthening university infrastructure and university culture. It should be noted that SMART PLS software and partial squares technique were used to evaluate the hypotheses verification and recommended solutions.

Today, the strategy of outsourcing management, in economic enterprises and especially in government organizations, is one of the most important issues in the field of procurement chain management and Strategic Alliance Management. This issue is of special importance in public organizations and institutions. Because these organizations usually have a wide range of missions and supply chains, and according to macro policies and strategies, they need a comprehensive plan for outsourcing. Despite this importance, few studies have addressed the models of outsourcing development in firms. The purpose of this paper is to explain the model of outsourcing development management in the oil and gas industry, based on using content analysis method and deductive approach to the theoretical framework developed in practice through case analysis in Iranian Gas Transmission Company as the company with the most physical assets control on Iran. With this aim, the information required for the research, in addition to the researchers' observation and reviewing the related documents, was obtained through interviews with a significant population of senior managers and experts in the Iranian oil and gas industry. Using theme analysis method, this information was analyzed and the expected situation of the outsourcing development management in the industry, and the impact and interactions, were described and explained.

By intensifying sanctions against Islamic Republic of Iran, identification and development of mechanisms to sell crude oil has gained attention among most experts and oil industry activists. Limitations for financial transactions and settlements are one of the fundamental challenges in international oil transactions; thus, various solutions are proposed to solve the limitation. Using capability of virtual currencies is one of the proposed suggestions for petroleum transaction under sanctions but there is a research gap in finding whether and which one of these currencies are able to be used in petroleum transactions in present condition. In this study, performed by analysis and quantitative approach, indices are introduced for choosing a valid currency for international transactions, and subsequently are confirmed by experts. The indices are ranked by the experts through TOPSIS method and are studied on the most suitable virtual currencies to find the best suit for petroleum transactions. The results reveal that Bitcoin, Ethereum and Tether are respectively the best, second and third choice for this end. It is noteworthy that some experts might believe the virtual currency market size may not meet the high volume of crude oil transactions, making it unsuitable. Although current study has shown that there would be no problem in covering the whole petroleum market for Iran’s crude oil by virtual currencies platform, if the concerns remain, virtual currency platform could be used for selling Iran’s crude oil temporarily and partially through various channels.

Since a major part of Iran petrochemical base products has been considered for export, it is essential and inevitable to consider international markets so as to examine the economic conditions of petrochemical development projects. The aim of the current work is to offer appropriate solutions to the facing challenges and to the development of innovation management model in the petrochemical companies producing polyethylene products and approaching new polyethylene goods. Data collection was conducted using the library and field studies; after taking these steps, 58 main indicators were considered by experts’ through screening among 130 extracted indices. Based on these indicators, a final questionnaire was designed by Likert scale and distributed. Finally, after receiving the comments of 105 managers and experts in 5 different petrochemical companies producing polyethylene on these indicators, the data were collected, and the research model was fitted using a structural equation and Smart PLS software. After fitting, 29 indices, 2 factors, and 6 dimensions were accepted for designing the model. The general dimension was composed of economic, organizational, regulatory, and supervision factors, while the specific dimension was formed of technological, technical, marketing, and systemic factors. According to the research conducted for successful innovation management, considering all the above-mentioned points is necessary in petrochemical companies producing polyethylene products. <strong><em> </em></strong>

It seems that paying attention to social responsibility by companies can lead to a better stakeholder’s view toward the company, thereby increasing their loyalty and trust. Having the ability to obtain more financial resources in times of crisis, due to the greater loyalty of investors, will result in reducing the company risk. In contrast, being overconfident about the loyalty of individuals to the company can lead to keeping a short-term debt structure, thereby increasing the risk of obtaining financial resources. Recently, the negative impacts of petrochemical companies on the environment have made social and environmental groups focus more on this industry, and this focus has pushed companies into involving in more social activities. Considering the potential impact of CSR on the company’s risk, this study examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility and value at risk in petrochemical industry using a sample of 27 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the 2010-2017 period. Eviews 10 is used for computing and analyzing the data, and the generalized auto regressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model is employed to estimate value at risk. The results indicate a negative and statistically significant relationship between corporate social responsibilities and company value at risk. <strong> </strong>