«انسان کامل» در اندیشه اشراقی سهروردی و در نظام فلسفه فارابی: بررسی تطبیقی نظریه «قطب» و «حاکم آرمانی» (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
اندیشه ورزی و تأملات نظری پیرامون «انسان کامل» در بین متفکران جهان اسلام، اعم از نظریه پردازی پیرامون حقیقت انسان و سعادت قصوای او یا توصیف ویژگی های حکمران آرمانی و خلیفه الهی، در حضور یا غیاب خلافت حاکم حقیقی و خلیفه الهی، یکی از مهم ترین مباحث مورد مطالعه در حوزه فلسفه است که با نام بزرگانی چون فارابی، خواجه نظام الملک، سهروردی، ملاصدرا و دیگران پیوند خورده است. در همین زمینه، این پژوهش در رهیافتی تطبیقی به دنبال بررسی و تحلیل آرای فارابی و سهروردی در مورد انسان کامل و حاکم آرمانی با رویکردی حِکمی است. بر مبنای چنین رویکردی، فارابی سعادت حقیقی و غایت قصوای کمال انسانی را در تجرد عقلی و اتصال به عقل فعال می داند، و سهروردی در مقام حکیمی متأله از تأله و خداگونگی و تجرد از ماده و توانایی بر خلع بدن سخن می گوید. نزد هر دو اندیشمند، توانایی عقل انسانی در غلبه بر وجود مادی معیار سعادت و کمال است. اتصال به عقل فعال یا اشراق عقل فعال، علاوه بر افاضه معرفت حقیقی، سبب و علت غلبه بر بدن عنصری و سلطه بر جهان عناصر است. لذا اشراقات انوار الهی اکسیر علم و قدرت است. همچنین سعادت غایی نیل به مرتبه عقل فعال است. «حاکم آرمانی» و «قطب» هر دو به این مقام نائل می شوند. بر مبنای نتایج این پژوهش، به رغم تفاوت در روش و رویکرد فلسفی این دو حکیم مسلمان، هر دو در صدد ارائه حقیقت واحدی هستند، یکی به اجمال و دیگری به تفصیل. این امر حاکی از سیر تکاملی اندیشه های فلسفی در تاریخ فلسفه اسلامی است. مهم ترین وجوه شباهت و افتراق این دو دیدگاه را باید در مضامین و مفاهیمی چون نسبت حکمت نظری و عملی، سعادت قصوا، انسان کامل و حاکم آرمانی جستجو کرد.The Perfect Human Being in Sohrawardi’s Illuminative Thought and Farabi’s Philosophical System: A Comparative Study of the “Qutb” and the “Ideal Ruler”
Thoughts and theoretical reflections about “governance” in Islamic society, whether theorizing about the desired structure of government or describing the characteristics of an ideal ruler, is one of the most important topics studied in the field of political thought and philosophy in Islam, to which great names such as Farabi, etc. are connected. In this context, this research, through a comparative approach, seeks to examine and analyze the views of Farabi and Sohrawardi about the ideal ruler from the perspective of a judicial approach. Based on such an approach, a philosopher like Farabi considers the different ways of connecting to the active intellect as the separation of the theoretical intellect from matter and the connection to the active intellect, and a divine sage like Sohrawardi also speaks of the separation of the theoretical intellect and the separation of the power of imagination, which is manifested in a prophet. In the eyes of both thinkers, human reason has the ability to overcome material existence. This type of excellence is a condition for achieving complete metaphysical knowledge and theoretical perfection. The ultimate happiness is the achievement of the active intellect. “The Absolute First Leader” and “Quṭb (Imam or pole)” have both achieved this position.
Introduction
The ideal government and ruler, in the system of Islamic philosophy, are based on the approach of philosophers to wisdom and their opinions and ruling foundations. The philosophers’ approach to wisdom and intellect in the system of Islamic philosophy has changed and developed from Farabi to Sohrawardi and later. Based on this change in the method and approach to wisdom of the sages, philosophical issues and topics including the issue of government and the ideal ruler, have also undergone changes and transformations.
Despite the significant evolution of Islamic philosophy in the two Peripatetic and Illuminative systems, it seems that the ideal ruler in Sohrawardi’s philosophy, which he refers to as “the pole/Imam (quṭb),” is compatible with the first leader of al-Farabi’s utopia. The problem of this research is to investigate the characteristic features of “Qutb” and “First Leader/Philosopher” in the Peripatetic and Illuminative systems of philosophy based on Sohrawardi and Farabi’s approach to wisdom and its types.
“Qutb” in Sohrawardi’s thought
In the wisdom of enlightenment, the perfect human being and the “Qutb” to whom the position of caliph belongs, is perfect in intuitive and argumentative wisdom, and in other words, he is both adept in reflection and adept in discussion.
In Sohrawardi’s thought, the rulers must know wisdom as well be practical wayfarers, that is, they must possess a combination of theoretical and practical wisdom. On the one hand, Sohrawardi’s theory is influenced and consistent with Plato’s theory, both of which emphasize the “ruling sage,” and on the other hand, it is influenced by the Iranian tradition and the benefit of the ideal kings from wisdom and intellect, and “Khurra-yi Kiani”[1] and the approval of God, which is in the interpretation Religious and close to Sufism and Shiism, it is interpreted as Qutb and divine sage. A Qutb or an Imam is one who is connected with the active intellect, receives grace from the higher realm, and spreads goodness, prosperity, knowledge, justice, and virtue among religions with a divine plan.
“The First Leader” in Farabi’s thought
The First Leader is someone who does not need the guidance of another human being; rather, all sciences and knowledge are obtained by him in esse and he is able to infer appropriate actions and behavior from general reasoning. He can also best guide others to perform these meritorious deeds; the same actions and actions that bring a person to happiness. These abilities are realized in people of great and outstanding nature by connecting to the active intellect. Such a person, in fact, in the eyes of the ancients, is a king and ruler and worthy of revelation. The rule of such a person is the first rule and his leadership is the first leadership, and the rule of others that is through his rule will be the subordinate rule, and people under the rule of this leader and leader are virtuous people, the chosen ones, and the fortunate ones.
Conclusion
In examining and comparing the two viewpoints, it should be said that a philosopher like Farabi considers the different ways of connecting to the active intellect to be the separation of the theoretical intellect from matter and the connection to the active intellect, and a Godly sage like Sohrawardi also speaks of the separation of the theoretical intellect and the power of imagination, which manifests itself in a prophet, where we witness detachment from matter and the ability to remove the soul from the body.
In the eyes of both thinkers, human reason has the ability to overcome material existence. This type of excellence is a condition for achieving complete metaphysical knowledge and theoretical perfection. The ultimate happiness is the achievement of the active intellect.”First Leader”and “Qutb” have both achieved this position. Based on this, the complete transcendence of material existence is possible for certain people.
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