risk

Balance sheet itself does not specify and show all the activities that a bank pays. Because banks can do many swap contracts and obligations, exchange, and commitments Outside of the balance sheet. To such activities and exchange that will not appear on the balance sheet, are saying off-balance sheet activities. These items are usually reported in the notes to the attached financial statements. One of the reasons for conducting the activities of off-balance sheet by the banks is the interest rate risk coverage. However, the use of these tools for risk management leads to multiple different sorts of risk and that the overall judgment about the outcome of the risk management of the off-of-balance sheet activities has met with ambiguity. The present research has examined the relationship between risk and the items of off-balance sheet under the hypothesis of Adverse selection with the use of the Iran's nine commercial bank data. The results show that this hypothesis isn’t able to respond off- balance sheet activities behaviour in Iran

Modern portfolio theory is based on the relationship between risk and return and in this paper, specific uncertainty conditions are introduced as ambiguity which affects the asset pricing. Also, the relationship between risk, ambiguity and return is examined. First, ambiguity is estimated by the means of three-variable and main component method, trading volume, ask-bid spread, error of earnings forecast and afterwards, it has been used to examine the interaction between risk, ambiguity and return. Current research method is correlative descriptive and statistical sample consisted of 120 corporates accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2012-2017. To test the hypotheses, regression analysis has been utilized. Results revealed the existence of ambiguity in Tehran Stock Exchange, which affects the asset pricing negatively

Venture capital companies play an important role in the economy of countries and greatly influences economic and employment growth. VC is the provision of capital for companies and entrepreneurs that is prone to leaping and growing value and, of course, a lot of risk. However, the volume of venture capital in our country is far less than the economic capacity. Many of analysts consider having no model for venture capital in our country as the main reason for this. Therefore, the present study by the qualitative method aims to design decision-making native model for selecting venture capital investment in emerging companies. To achieve this goal, by collecting qualitative data through literature reviews and having deep interview with experts and venture capital firms, a native decision-making model for selecting venture capital in emerging companies is presented. The methodology of this research based on purpose, is fundamental and through the qualitative methods, thematic analysis method is used. Purposeful sampling method is used and interviewing experts continued to theoretical saturation level that means the number of selected samples includes 16 elites. The native decision-making model for selecting venture capital in emerging companies presented in this research has 16 main themes and 86 sub-themes.

Exploring how literature represents social context, the present study aims to critically examine Mark Ravenhill’s plays, Some Explicit Polaroids and Faust is Dead, in terms of Giddens’ concepts of Globalization, Risk, and Transformation of Intimacy. The central argument of this analysis is thus to demonstrate how Ravenhill’s plays represent the social changes of the contemporary era in which the plays have been produced. The study addresses the concepts of Globalization and Risk in the plays in order to illustrate how transformations brought by it affect individual’s day-to-day life in contemporary society. Accordingly, the researcher thus focuses on the impacts of such transformations on the process of self-identity construction as well as the transformation of intimacy in that, as Giddens has contended, the characteristics of the globalized world deeply intrude into the heart of self-identity and reshape the way individuals build up their self-identities. 

Increased government revenues and improved economic efficiency are the main goals of implementing privatization and regime switch in Iran. Information efficiency in the capital market can also be considered as a milestone for increased government revenues and improved economic efficiency. In this study, according to the results of regime switching GARCH models, it is determined that stock returns have had different regimes during the study period (2000-2015). According to the results of the estimation of the three-regime GARCH model, the most important events of the Article 44 of the Constitution in the direction of privatization in Iran's economy and its implementation during the study period have been effective in switching the regimes of the fluctuating process of efficiency. Market risk has also been identified as a factor affecting regime switching in the stock return process, which is due to the behavior of stockholders in low-fluctuation regimes compared to high-fluctuation regimes and liquidity. Also, according to the Kalman filter model, poor performance has been established in Tehran Stock Exchange, which indicates that privatization policy has been effective in improving the efficiency of this marketplace. Using the technique related to the detection of structural failure in the liquidity variable as one of the signs of the stock market depth, the failure of this series was detected by virtue of the implementation of privatization, and it was discovered that privatization increased market liquidity as one of the principles of market development.

E-business Governance is the decision-making framework within which decisions about relationship, accountability, compliance, direction, and control in e-business activities are made. This structure make the e-commerce organization manage itself more effectively and prevent failure that take place by having not adequate attention to governing elements, risk of e-business, dynamic of standards, and rules. In this research by using literature review and interviews with experts, a questionnaire was designed and by analyzing the gathered data through surveys, the e-business key success factors such as e-business enablers, corporate and IT governance, the best practices, management and strategy were extracted. Then these key factors were presented as the e-business governance models. The results of statistical analysis confirm that the model might be helpful in handling the process of e-business in Iran.

It seems that paying attention to social responsibility by companies can lead to a better stakeholder’s view toward the company, thereby increasing their loyalty and trust. Having the ability to obtain more financial resources in times of crisis, due to the greater loyalty of investors, will result in reducing the company risk. In contrast, being overconfident about the loyalty of individuals to the company can lead to keeping a short-term debt structure, thereby increasing the risk of obtaining financial resources. Recently, the negative impacts of petrochemical companies on the environment have made social and environmental groups focus more on this industry, and this focus has pushed companies into involving in more social activities. Considering the potential impact of CSR on the company’s risk, this study examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility and value at risk in petrochemical industry using a sample of 27 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the 2010-2017 period. Eviews 10 is used for computing and analyzing the data, and the generalized auto regressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model is employed to estimate value at risk. The results indicate a negative and statistically significant relationship between corporate social responsibilities and company value at risk. <strong> </strong>  

Companies need to exactly manage their assets to balance performance, risk, and cost. The ability of an equipment to provide a certain level of performance is influenced by its design, utilization, deterioration, and its life. On the other hand, in order to obtain the desired level of performance and reduce risk, proper planning of maintenance activities during the period must be done. To manage this issue, organizations must develop a suitable method for their assets from the acquisition stage to the disposal to obtain the required processes and, ultimately, to earn the desired profit. In this study, considering Pipe line as a case study and identifying the LCC, risks and three indicators includes of reliability, availability and maintainability as KPIs. They were weighted by using the opinions of eight expert and DANP method. The final weights of LCC, risk and KPI Respectively are: 0.269, 0.301 and 0.429. Considering different strategies in each phase of the asset life cycle, different scenarios described for the equipment life cycle as follows: 1)Buy- RCM- Replacement 2)Buy- RCM- Overhaul 3)Buy- CBM- Replacement 4)Buy- CBM- Overhaul 5)Buy- TPM- Replacement 6)Buy- TPM- Overhaul. Finally, based on the gained expert’s viewpoint from questionnaire and MOORA technique to rank the scenarios the desired scenario (Buy- TPM- Replacement) was selected.

Development of e-banking has empirically modified the structure and characters of banks’ performance, efficiency, risk and challenges which have also been articulately recognized based on the international best practices. E-banking brazenly accelerates and restructures financial transactions via enhancing technology and expanding the banking services in comparison with conventional banking. Accordingly, online access to the banks’ products, financial statements, payment services and even credit scoring has considerably improved banks-customers relationships in the context of lending and borrowing practice, deposit composition, investment opportunities, trade finance options as well as account management diversification. The impact of recent e-banking developments is statistically evaluated for Iran’s banking network via Dynamic Panel Data approach. The findings highlight that the ratio of ATMs and Electronic Cards transactions to banks' assets negatively-significantly influence the profitability due to higher substitution ratio with the other payment instruments and maintenance cost. The ratio of online branch transactions to the banks' assets negatively-insignificantly affects the profitability owing to the rapid increase in the NPLs and loan/loss expenses which has consequently shrunk Shared Revenues over the past 10 years. SWIFT-branches have positively-significantly enhanced the banks internal-secured cash flow while contemporaneously improves fund efficiency, banks’ services fees, and ultimately profit margin.

Innovations in electronic banking in Iran have led to the development in capacities such as payment instruments and transactions by cards, which are known as electronic payment equipment in the Iranian banking network. Financial supervision is required to be increasingly based on reporting and regulatory processes to efficiently and proactively monitor risk and compliance at banks and financial institutions. Besides, the banking system needs relevant information and instruments on strategy, assessments, and policy decisions in line with the required procedure to enhance transparency. Designing a new criterion in banking innovations by combining the Electronic banking instruments, considering the Electronic banking capacity proper and scaled to the banks’ assets, equity and resources as well as distinguishing the impact of banks’ profitability and capital are attributed as the key contributions in this paper rather than other similar researches. Results indicate that Electronic Banking capacities including the pin-pad, ATM, online branches, card services, and P.O.S volumes have positively and significantly influenced transparency since scales of these innovative capacities have expanded relative to the banks' assets and capital due to their contributions in the velocity and disclosure of data collection and analysis potentials. Results also denote that the state-owned banks in Iran are less transparent than private banks and the size of the bank hurts transparency. The return on equity in the form of bank ownership is multiplied as well as results also indicate that the productivity of equity returns has a positive effect on transparency. The ratio of non-interest income to total income also has a positive impact on transparency. There would be needed to provide transparent information on fee-based services to develop non-interest income. Hence, to improve transparency, the development of fee-based and non-profit-based services are required.

INTRODUCTION: Fires in residential buildings, commercial complexes, and small and large industries cause a lot of financial, human, and environmental damage in different communities annually. This study is conducted with the aim to evaluate the fire risk in the selected commercial buildings in Mashhad, Iran. METHODS: This was a descriptive-cross-sectional and applied study conducted in the spring of 2019 on 10 separate commercial buildings in Mashhad. First, the necessary checklists for fire risk assessment from the NFPA 101 standard were prepared and compiled by the researcher, and the necessary information was completed according to the field surveys and obtaining the urban planning documents of the buildings. The information collected was then analyzed in the Computerized Fire Safety Evaluation System (CFSES) software for final evaluation of the buildings. FINDINGS: In general, the total number of commercial buildings examined (10 cases) was in an unacceptable condition in all three areas of fire risk, including the fire control, exit, and general safety aspects. In addition, the fire risk situation in older buildings (5 cases) was worse than in new buildings (5 cases). CONCLUSION: The fire risk assessment score of the commercial buildings studied in terms of fire control, exit route, and general safety aspects was unacceptable and none of the buildings evaluated obtained the minimum safety score in these three aspects. Therefore, to improve fire safety in commercial buildings, valid fire safety regulations and standards, including NFPA 101, must be observed to prevent fire accidents and irreparable financial and human losses.

In customs management, the main problem is balancing the needs of trade facilita-tion as a process of simplifying and accelerating foreign business on the one hand and countering illegal trade, reducing government revenue, capital sleep and the level of controls and interventions on the other. Also, due to the financial crisis in recent years, risk management has been reconsidered, although this attention is related to various financial branches. Since risk analysis and identification is the main component of risk management, developing a suitable model for data analysis is of particular importance. The purpose of this study was to use data data analysis techniques to develop an intelligent model to timely predict the risk of import declarations in customs and thus prevent irreparable losses. In this study, data analysis techniques have been used according to the statistical population which is data-driven. Statistical data were extracted from www.eplonline.ir with 575006 import declarations of all Iranian customs during 2019-2020. having pre-processed and prepared the data using PCA, LDA and FastICA methods, attribute reduction and effective attribute extraction were performed using 14 data analysis algorithms. Using Python software, algorithms were trained and modeled with 80% of the final data. Then, 14 obtained models were tested and validated with 20% of the data. Finally, the results of these models were compared with each other and the model obtained from the random forest algorithm was selected as a comprehensive model for predicting and determining the level of risk of import declarations at customs.

Scientific sources demonstrate different attitudes of researchers to cryptocurrencies because they treat them as a category of currency, virtual money, commodity, etc. Accordingly, the relation to the valuation and risk of cryptocurrency as an investment object is different. The purpose of the article is to identify cryptocurrency value formation factors and determine the risks of investing in cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrency is simultaneously considered a currency, an asset with uncertain income, and a specific product, the price of which is determined by the energy costs for mining new cryptocurrency blocks. Thus, the paper examines the risks of investing in cryptocurrency from several positions. First, the study identifies the factors of formation of the value and risk of cryptocurrency as ordinary money based on comparing cryptocurrency with traditional money. Unlike traditional money, cryptocurrency is not tied to the economic performance of a particular country; also, central banks do not control or regulate their mining. Instead, the cryptocurrency emissions depend on the computational capacity of the equipment used for their mining. As a financial asset, cryptocurrency can be a “financial bubble” because their value increasing often exceeds the cost of mining. On the other hand, given the emergence of cryptocurrency as a phenomenon of the information economy, the paper analyses the impact of specific technical features (cryptographic hashing algorithm, the complexity of creating new blocks, the technology of verification of mining operations, etc.) on the risk of investing in cryptocurrency assets.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of marketing strategies on entrepreneurial risks and determine their ranking. It is possible to rank marketing strategies to make the best decision to deal with the risks facing businesses. Methodology: Based on preliminary studies conducted on SMEs in Iran, a four-part questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale was provided to entrepreneurs and managers of SMEs in Tehran. Data related to 20 questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS software. Cronbach's alpha method was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. Finding: The results reveal that financial strategies, customer, relationships and online marketing do not have the same effect on entrepreneurial risks and we can rank them. Also, in examining the impact of business strategies on risks, the results showed that planning strategy has the greatest impact on reducing credit, operational and liquidity risks whilst relationship strategy has the greatest impact on reducing market risk. Online marketing strategy has the least observed effect on reducing credit risk and operational risk, and direct marketing strategy and financial strategy have the lowest effect on reducing liquidity and market risks. Conclusion: The effect of business strategies on reducing entrepreneurial risks is confirmed and we can rank strategies based on their impact on the risks facing businesses. Entrepreneurial risks can be reduced by using marketing strategies, and in conditions of uncertainty, the use of knowledge and expertise of marketing consultants can lead to improved decisions of entrepreneurs, resulting in sustainability and growth of businesses.

This study examines trading strategies based on trading systems by analyzing the performance of 11 technical indicators. The data used for analysis were financial data of all firms listed on the Teh-ran Stock Exchange in the period from 2010 to 2020. Excluding the firms whose data were not available for the period under study, 135 firms were selected as the research sample. The results showed that the signals containing three indicators of moving average, exponential moving average, and relative strength over a weekly up to six-month period to buy or sell stocks (as a strategy) could be used more confidently compared to other indicators to achieve higher returns and profitability. As a result, investors can use the signals that these three indicators in weekly (EMA) and monthly (MA, RSI) periods and the quarterly (MA) and six-month (RSI, EMA) periods to determine buying and selling strategies with the lowest investment risks. It is also recommended that investors use a combination of these three indicators to invest, and extend their investment period over a longer period of time to bear less risk, and more returns.

One of the biggest shortcomings of urban spaces in most cities of the country is the lack of suitable sports spaces, which in addition to improving the health of the general public, especially the youth, creates a lively environment and can boost the development of the tourism industry. Many projects in the country, especially sports, are slow or stopped due to not evaluating the relevant risks, so the purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize investment risks in the country's sports projects. The present study is a positive research in terms of philosophical foundations and is applied in terms of orientation. The statistical population of the study includes experts in the field of sports tourism and the sampling method has been done judgmentally. To conduct the research, in the first stage, the risks of investing in sports projects were assessed through literature review. The number of these risks was 15, and after screening with a Binominal test, 6 factors were excluded. The remaining 9 factors were evaluated in terms of degree of impact with Dematel technique and 5 factors, i.e. market risks, economic risks, legal risks, financing risks and stakeholder conflict risks were selected as the most effective risks in terms of net effect index. Finally, these 5 risks were ranked by Aras decision technique and it was observed that the economic, market and financing risks, had the highest priority.