Liquidity

In this study business operations and liquidity and credit risk on price fluctuations on the stock exchange since 2010 to 2013 has been Tehran distance. The sample consisted of 76 company The systematic elimination method is selected. The company had a total of 304 years, in this study, the hypothesis of linear regression and correlation to analyse the data and test hypotheses Eviews software is used. The results show a direct linear relationship between the number of business deal with price volatility as a factor in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange respectively. In addition, liquidity and credit risks and price fluctuations affect the relationship between business activities

Increased government revenues and improved economic efficiency are the main goals of implementing privatization and regime switch in Iran. Information efficiency in the capital market can also be considered as a milestone for increased government revenues and improved economic efficiency. In this study, according to the results of regime switching GARCH models, it is determined that stock returns have had different regimes during the study period (2000-2015). According to the results of the estimation of the three-regime GARCH model, the most important events of the Article 44 of the Constitution in the direction of privatization in Iran's economy and its implementation during the study period have been effective in switching the regimes of the fluctuating process of efficiency. Market risk has also been identified as a factor affecting regime switching in the stock return process, which is due to the behavior of stockholders in low-fluctuation regimes compared to high-fluctuation regimes and liquidity. Also, according to the Kalman filter model, poor performance has been established in Tehran Stock Exchange, which indicates that privatization policy has been effective in improving the efficiency of this marketplace. Using the technique related to the detection of structural failure in the liquidity variable as one of the signs of the stock market depth, the failure of this series was detected by virtue of the implementation of privatization, and it was discovered that privatization increased market liquidity as one of the principles of market development.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the financial performance of provincial gas distribution companies as affiliates for National Iranian Gas Company. To this end, we identified financial performance indicators in accordance with the requirements of NIGC through a review of theoretical foundations and interviews with a number of financial and planning experts and then prioritized using the Analytical Hierarchy Process method. These indicators lied in four groups of liquidity, capital structure, profitability and activity criteria, respectively. Then, the weighted indicators were analyzed using TOPSIS technique in Expert-Choice software and the final ranking of the companies was provided. The results showed that based on the identified criteria, provincial gas companies of Hormozgan, Yazd, Markazi, and Kermanshah had a favorable financial performance and Ilam, Mazandaran, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Zanjan provincial gas companies had a weak financial performance with respect to other companies in three years under review and some suggestions have been made in this regard.

Designation of incentive mechanisms to increase the speed of liquidity of receivables is one of the leading options for streamlining domestic resources in the field of oil and gas industry financing. The main objective of this research is to investigate and optimize the liquidity methods of gas sales receivables in line with the requirements of the National Iranian Gas Company. After a deep review of literature, we extract methods and legal platforms for receivables liquidation methods. The current research is an applied and descriptive-analytical research in terms of its purpose and methodology. The data analysis is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods and required data for this study including the amounts and duration of deferred receivables by different categories of subscribers of the NIGC during 2012 to 2018. Subsequently, in order to visualize the data in the form of heat tables, Microsoft's Business Intelligence software is applied to understand the process of creating and settlement of receivables, cluster receivables by the different categories of subscription and, finally, reveal the subscriber behavior patterns in disbursements. Finally, using theoretical foundations and experts' opinions, a set of optimal methods has been recommended to accelerate the process of collecting current receivables, depending on the behavior of different groups of subscribers. Based on the results of the interviews, NIGC should apply IT-based methods, incentive policies and deterrent (punitive) strategies to accelerate the liquidation of receivables in household and commercial subscription.

The main purpose of this research is to explain why and how the stock liquidity affects the default risk of petrochemical and petroleum products companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The study used experimental data and parametric tests in order to estimate the relationship between stock liquidity and default risk through information efficiency and corporate governance roles of stock liquidity. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is a descriptive-correlative study. All data required regarding the stock liquidity, price, trading volume and days, stockholder ownerships, etc., were extracted from Rahavard Novin database software. To investigate the relationship between variables, the multivariate regression analysis model using OLS method was applied in Eviews platform. The empirical findings showed that there is a significantly negative relationship between stock liquidity and default risk of petrochemical and petroleum product companies listed in TSE and also stock liquidity can affect the default risk through reducing the information asymmetry in the stock pricing process and strengthen the corporate governance. These results could provide visible signals based on the realities of the market in order to improve models to assess and predict the risk of default and lead managers and decision makers of suppliers, customers, partners and stakeholders, to conclude more flexible contracts with petrochemical and petroleum products companies and ultimately better mitigate business risks.

The analysis of macroeconomic variables for current situation in Iran indicates a Conundrum. Solving this puzzle is vital for Central Bank of Iran in order to choose an appropriate approach for monetary policy and banking supervision. Increase in liquidity growth rate, significant decrease of inflation rate and interest rate rigidity are the three sides of this puzzle. This study designs an innovative model for connecting the microeconomy of banks with macroeconomy, indicating a solution for mentioned puzzle. Accumulation of fictitious and frozen assets in the assets side of banking system balance sheet makes an unsound flow of liquidity which is partly impacted by fictitious assets of banking system and it is called unsound Liquidity. This situation shows the reality that is financially and economically unbalanced balance sheet of banking system and if these balance sheets seem balanced, is just because deployment of false accounting methods. In fact, quality of liquidity is impacted by reduction of the quality of banking system assets and despite high liquidity growth, this lead to reduction of inflation rate and also caused banks to resist against the reduction of interest rate. The adjusted long run equation of quantity theory of money has estimated in a vector error correction model (1996-2016). The results confirm the direct effect of quality of liquidity on inflation. JEL Classification: C32, E5, M4

Finance and indebtedness remain major problems for most countries, especially developing countries it therefore requests to stand in front of them to reduce them and prevent their exacerbation, Global rating agencies are a reflection of the urgent need for investors and borrowers to identify factors affecting creditworthiness to bridge the existing information gap. Iraq was approved for the period 2004-2017 using a model (Toda Yamamota Causility) The desire to provide information on the level of risk before lending to the government or financial and banking institutions to assess the solvency and the desire to meet debts to meet current and future financial obligations in a timely manner, and the degree of rating is not an absolute fact, but expect to the current financial situation may err and may infect, However, creditworthiness indicators remain the most important criteria for assessing the likelihood of the borrower not repaying the loan amount. The researcher concluded that the most important variable affecting the sovereign creditworthiness of Iraq is debt service, especially in the short term On the other hand, the availability of liquidity gives great flexibility to Iraq in the payment of its obligations. 

Liquid assets are critical for banking operations. They guarantee avoiding liquidity risk and widens managerial decision options to invest in emerging profitable projects; however, holding extra liquidity entails opportunity costs. Accordingly, empirical literature does not provide a conclusive relationship between liquidity and profitability. The purpose of this research is to analyze the asymmetric effects of holding liquid assets by commercial banks on their profitability. Parallel to a detailed review of contradicting theories and empirical evidence, we have developed an econometric model to capture the nonlinear effects of liquidity on performance. The proposed model is tested for a sample of seven listed Iranian commercial banks during 2006-2018 by Arellano-Bond dynamic panel-data estimation. We found that the nonlinear relationship, if any, is not an inverse U as Bordeleau and Graham (2010) suggested. Results show a positive (holding more liquid assets increases the profitability of Iranian banks), and even an accelerating effect for liquidity, likely due to the low level of liquid assets maintained by Iranian banks.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between liquidity and asset price fluctuations in the Iranian financial market applying innovative methods of averaging. The findings are useful for policymakers because the surveys can be used in monetary policy decisions. The data used in this research are quarterly from March 2006 to April 2020. To this end, the statistics from the economic time-series database of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran and other related sources have been used. Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) has successfully been used in the experimental growth literature as a way to overcome the sensitivity of the results to the characteristics of different models. The variables are the real liquidity as a dependent one and fluctuations in total stock price, total housing price, central bank assets, the government debt to banks, exchange rate, and the coin price are considered independent ones. In terms of the movable assets, the results show a positive and significant relationship between fluctuations in real total housing prices and liquidity and a negative relationship between Bahar-e Azadi Iranian Gold Coin fluctuation and liquidity. For immovable assets, the real net fluctuation of central bank assets and the government debt to banks have a positive relationship with liquidity. There is a negative relationship of real total stock price fluctuation and real exchange rate fluctuation with the liquidity.

This study examines the relationship between stock liquidity and return predicta-bility of 116 publicly-traded firms in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). To this end, we constructed a dated-regular frequency of time series with total 40128 stock-firm observations. After calculating daily bid-ask spreads and stock returns, the observations were classified based on liquidity into three classes and the return predictability was investigated across different classes using a set of parametric tests. The results exhibit signs of return autocorrelation and non-independence over three liquidity groups. Our findings didn’t show a connection between stock liquidity and market efficiency. The Hurst exponent also revealed mean reversion of returns series across different liquidity classes. We conclude that stock liquidity doesn’t play a significant role in market efficiency and return predictability of stocks in TSE. In case of TSE as other emerging markets, due to the small num-ber of traders (the need for more trading activity) and low market making activi-ties, both the cost of trading increases and the reaction to stock price information is delayed, resulting in predictability of price /return.

Purpose: This research aimed to identify some of the existing financial frictions in the Iran's digital economy. In particular, based on cases taken from digital and knowledge-based companies, it empirically investigated the importance of the role of base volume in the liquidity of those companies' stocks in Tehran Stock Exchange.Method: To evaluate the empirical implications of applying the base volume in daily stock market practice, retrospectively a quantitative estimate of the base volume was implied by the economic model within the rules imposed by the market regulator via MATLAB software programming. Then, using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), the effects of the estimated base volume, percentage of free-floating share, securities turnover, and the ratio of transaction volume to base volume on Amihud index were econometrically studied for the selected companies during the period 2015-2020.Findings: The findings indicate that the applying base volume on the selected digital and knowledge-based companies has had a negative effect on the calculation of the final price and on the liquidity of studied knowledge-based companies. Also, the results of using the machine learning method (decision tree) showed a importance coefficient of 32.6% for the base volume on the Amihud index of the selected companies.Conclusion: Our results suggest that base volume as an idiosyncratic financial friction induced by Iranian stock market regulator has aggravated the illiquidity of studied digital and knowledge-based companies and thereby could have raised the financing costs for those companies. This would ultimately impede those companies’ growth prospect.