Conceptual Metaphor Theory

In this study, corpus method was used to test an assumption of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) that systematic and conventionally fixed metaphorical expressions have literal meaning in the source domain. The conceptual metaphors LIFE IS A JOURNEY and IDEAS ARE PLANTS were selected for analysis and three keywords from source domain of the metaphors were chosen and matched with their English equivalents. Hamshahri 2 collection of Farsi texts was selected as the corpus of the study. For ease of processing, one third of the corpus comprising of fifty million word tokens was randomly sampled as the working corpus. Collocates of the source-domain keywords, as realizations of fixed metaphoric expressions, were extracted using AntConc software and their concordances were examined. It was found that 1) in conventionally fixed metaphorical expressions, when source-domain keywords were used metaphorically they had collocates that rarely appeared with the same source-domain keywords used literally, and 2) source-domain keywords had gradable degrees of metaphoricity. The findings were interpreted as suggesting that the meaning of fixed metaphoric expressions may not be systematically connected to the metaphor's source-domain meaning.

This study, is a semantic attempt to find out if there is a significant difference in the linguistic representation of Iranian and British war literature in the Iran-Iraq war (known as The Imposed War (of Iraq against Iran)) and World War II. Authors chose these two wars for two reasons: 1. In both cases, the war was defensive for both countries, and 2. both wars lasted for almost the same period: The Imposed War lasted for 8 years, and World War II lasted for 6 years. Given the aforementioned similarities, we seek to compare the linguistic representation of ideologies that had governed in Iranian and English societies (i.e. Islamic ideology vs. liberal democracy and the monarchy). In this study, we ask if there is a significant difference in the linguistic representation of these two wars. We seek to 1. Describe the linguistic iconization of war based on the source domains of metaphors, and 2. Describe the ideological similarities and differences of war using linguistic representations. The views of Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Gustav Jung have been used in the psychoanalytic analysis of these novels.

SUBJECT AND OBJECTIVES : Many scholars have researched “War” in the Holy Qur'an and Islam, and there is much disagreement about it. Since the Holy Qur'an is a divine book and contains valuable messages for human beings, with the help of conceptual metaphors, we can understand some of the Qur'anic conceptualizations to some extent. The present study is an attempt to study the conceptual metaphors of “Harb” in the sample bodies of the verses of the Holy Quran and its purpose is finding and understanding the conceptual metaphors of Harb in the Qur'an, their clarification and classification and then description, interpretation and explanation them. In fact, the question of this research is what kind of conceptual metaphors the Qur'an has used to objectify the abstract concept of War and how can they be explained? METHOD AND FINDING : The research is in the framework of the Charteris-Black metaphor critical analysis approach which is a qualitative research method. Therefore, with the help of the third version of the “Jami Tafasir Nour Software”, a sample body of 11 verses consisting of 9 keywords is extracted from the root of Harb. Then their conceptual metaphors were examined. Based on the findings of this study, two conceptual metaphors have been extracted in the source domain of travel and fire, from which the conceptual keys of “war is travel” and “war is fire”. CONCLUSION : Therefore, according to the above findings and research on the conceptual metaphors of “Selm”, it is clear that the approach of the Qur'an is peace-oriented.

SUBJECT AND OBJECTIVES : The Holy Quran is a divine text and contains wise interpretations for the audience, which can be understood to some extent with the help of conceptual metaphors. The present study is an attempt to investigate the conceptual metaphors of “Selm” in examples of Quranic verses and its purpose is finding and understanding the conceptual metaphors of “Selm” in the Quran, their clarification and classification and then description, interpretation and explanation them. The question of this research is what kind of conceptual metaphors the Quran has used to objectify the abstract concept of peace and how can they be explained. METHOD AND FINDING : The research is in the framework of the Charteris-Black metaphor critical analysis approach which is almost a qualitative research method. Therefore, with the help of the third version of the “Noor Jami’ al-Tafasir Software”, a sample body of 127 verses consisting of 54 keywords is extracted from the root of “Selm” Then their conceptual metaphors were examined. Based on the findings of this study, 37 conceptual metaphors have been extracted in the source domains of journey, conflict, religion, building, light and body parts. The source domains of light and conflict are the least productive and the source domain of journey with 72% of the total resonance is the most productive domain, which the conceptual key “peace is journey” can be deduced. CONCLUSION : According to the research findings on the conceptual metaphors of “Selm”, it is clear that the approach of the Quran is peace-oriented.

This paper investigates the conceptual and cognitive motivations behind anger-related Hindi idioms. The study is based on 40 idiomatic expressions on anger curated from diverse sources, including websites, books, and native speakers’ intuition. The study employs the theoretical framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) for the analysis of these linguistic expressions. For the identification of conceptual metaphors, Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) by Pragglejaz Group (2007) was employed After analysis, nine conceptual metaphors and an equal number of conceptual metonymies were found in the chosen idiomatic expressions. Conceptual metaphors such as “ANGER IS FLUID,” “ANGER IS A WILD ANIMAL,” and “ANGER IS A STORM,” as well as conceptual metonymies like “REDDENING OF THE FACE” and “GNASHING OF TEETH,” were identified, among others. The findings reveal that there is a coherent conceptual organization underlying these idioms, predominantly characterized by conceptual metaphor and metonymy. The study can give us insight into the cultural conceptualisation of anger expressions in Hindi which can contribute the broader landscape of emotion research from Cognitive linguistic point of view and also in teaching-learning of Hindi idioms.