مطالب مرتبط با کلیدواژه

Gender


۶۱.

The Relationship between Iranian EFL Teachers’ Creativity, Motivation and Job Satisfaction: The Role of Gender, Teaching Experience and Teaching Context(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)

نویسنده:
منبع: The Journal of English Language Pedagogy and Practice, Vol.۱۴, No.۲۹, Fall & Winter ۲۰۲۱ 41 - 60

کلیدواژه‌ها: experience Gender Job satisfaction teacher creativity Teacher motivation teaching context

حوزه‌های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۰۸ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۲
The current study investigated the relationship between teachers’ creativity, motivation and job satisfaction. In so doing, the role of demographic factors, i.e. gender, teaching experience and teaching context was also taken into account. To conduct the study, a total of 103 EFL teachers at both institute and school contexts were selected. The teachers were recruited on a voluntary basis, and the sample included teachers from a variety of backgrounds and experiences, coming from both genders and either of the teaching contexts. Three questionnaires (Teacher Creativity Questionnaire, Teacher Motivation Questionnaire, and Job Satisfaction Scale) were employed to gather the data, which were then analyzed through a number of analyses, including Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation, Multiple Regression Analysis, Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Findings revealed the existence of a significant correlation between teachers’ motivation and their job satisfaction. Furthermore, teachers’ motivation in comparison with their creativity had a greater predictive power with regard to job satisfaction. However, demographic factors did not have a significant role in job satisfaction. The findings can offer insightful implications for educational authorities, teachers, school leaderships and academicians to help promote job satisfaction in different instructional contexts.
۶۲.

Outgroup Inflicted Economic Failure Solidifying the Position of the Leader Regardless of Gender: An Experimental Study(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Contemporary Research on the Islamic Revolution, Volume ۴, Issue ۱۱, Winter ۲۰۲۲ 179 - 196

کلیدواژه‌ها: the Islamic Revolution of Iran political sanctions Gender political economy psychological-economic and emsp

حوزه‌های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۳۰ تعداد دانلود : ۱۸۱
Economic punishments and sanctions have been used against the Islamic Revolution of Iran as well as some other countries. But their efficacy is usually in dispute among politicians and economists. Current research reports the results of a randomized experiment that seeks to identify the cause of the failure of broad political punishments and sanctions. Most sanctions and political punishments are ultimately employed as a psychological-economic device. They are meant to adversely affect the opinion of the people of a country, thereby putting pressure on the government to change course. We propose and empirically test the hypothesis that a reduction of welfare has a different effect when it is attributed to an out-group versus an in-group agent. We find that when economic failure is believed to have been brought about by an outsider, it actually solidifies the position of the leader. There is, moreover, no statistically significant difference in the reactions across sexes. The study draws on insights from the sociology of group identity to propose an answer to an old question in political economy. There is, moreover, no statistically significant difference in the reactions across sexes. The study draws on insights from the sociology of group identity to propose an answer to an old question in political economy.
۶۳.

The predictors of Loneliness in Adolescents: The role of Gender, Parenting Rearing Behaviors, Friendship Quality, and Shyness(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: مطالعات زن و خانواده دوره نهم زمستان ۱۴۰۰ شماره ۴ (پیاپی ۲۳) 1 - 20

کلیدواژه‌ها: Gender Perceived parenting rearing behavior shyness friendship quality loneliness

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تعداد بازدید : ۳۶۲ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۵
This study was designed to explore the role of gender, parental raring behavior, friendship quality and shyness in the feeling of loneliness during adolescence through the ecological model of human development and the contextual-developmental perspective. 211 adolescents’ students ( 133 females, 78 males ) from five high schools in Tehran (Iran) participated in correlational research design (a non-experimental study) and completed the self-report scales including: Loneliness Scale, Short EMBU, Revised Cheek–Buss Shyness Scale, and Friendship–Unfriendship Attachment Inventory (SACRAL) . The results showed that parenting behavior, shyness, and friendship quality were correlated with loneliness. Moreover, the findings indicated that the low level of friendship quality and high level of parenting behavior in both rejection and over-controlling had a positive correlation with the high level of loneliness in adolescents. In addition, the result showed that male adolescents feel lonelier than female adolescents. The results obtained from the current study provide a number of implications, which can be beneficial in proposing intervention efforts directed toward promoting ideal development and growth during teenage years.
۶۴.

Relationship between Creativity and Grammar Learning Strategy Use: A Case of Iranian Advanced EFL Learners(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)

نویسنده:
منبع: international Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research, Volume ۱۰, Issue ۴۱, Summer ۲۰۲۲ 89 - 101

کلیدواژه‌ها: Advanced EFL Learners Creativity Gender Grammar Learning Strategies

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تعداد بازدید : ۱۴۳ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۳
Notwithstanding all of the advances in language learning strategy research, there are still some areas that strategy scholars have overlooked. The dearth of research into grammar learning strategies (GLS) may be the most egregious instance of this neglect. In order for this type of research to gain momentum, the present article reports on research that sought to identify whether there was any relationship between advanced EFL learners’ creativity and their grammar learning strategy use. It also sought to find if male and female advanced EFL learners were different in terms of grammar learning strategy use. To this end, 69 Iranian advanced EFL learners (30 males and 39 females) selected through convenience sampling participated in this study. Data were collected through Creativity and Grammar Learning Strategy Questionnaires. The Pearson product-moment correlation analysis and the independent samples -test were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that there was a significant relationship between Iranian advanced EFL learners’ creativity and their grammar learning strategy use. In addition, the findings demonstrated that female learners employed the grammar learning strategy more than male learners. Finally, pedagogical implications of the study for language teachers, learners, educational policymakers, and curriculum developers were presented.      
۶۵.

Teacher Autonomy and Personality Traits: A Comparative Study of Iranian Male and Female EFL Teachers(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)

نویسنده:
منبع: international Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research, Volume ۱۰, Issue ۴۲, Autumn ۲۰۲۲ 53 - 66

کلیدواژه‌ها: EFL Teachers Gender personality traits teacher autonomy The Big-Five Factor

حوزه‌های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۸۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۹۱
Teacher autonomy and teacher personality, both affecting teaching and learning processes, were focused on in this gender-comparative study. The required data was gathered through convenience sampling by online distributing two sets of questionnaires, which were responded by 156 Iranian EFL teachers, including both males and females. Then, SPSS-26 was used to analyze the data in this quantitative correlational survey to answer the two research questions, and the results indicated that a) among the five sub-constructs of personality traits, the Extraversion construct stayed on the first place according to its correlation degree to teacher autonomy, which was assessed very strong; b) male teachers naturally felt more sense of autonomy than females did; also, they are more extraverted, open, and conscientious than female teachers. Finally, Self-Determination Theory (SDT) was applied to support the acquired results. This survey can be best suited for EFL teachers to become more sensitive about their personality constructs.
۶۶.

بررسی تأثیر قدرت و جنسیت مخاطب بر گزینش راهبردهای ادب در کنش گفتاری تشویق کردن در زبان فارسی(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: جستارهای زبانی دوره سیزدهم خرداد و تیر ۱۴۰۱ شماره ۲ (پیاپی ۶۸) 434-401

کلیدواژه‌ها: Speech Act politeness strategies Encouragement Power Gender Persian Language

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تعداد بازدید : ۲۹۵ تعداد دانلود : ۲۰۴
هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی تأثیر قدرت و جنسیت مخاطب بر گزینش نوع و تعداد راهبردهای تشویق کردن به کاربرده شده توسط دانشجویان پسر و دختر فارسی زبان براساس نظریه بروان و لوینسون ( 1987 ) است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل 60 دانشجو (30 پسر و 30 دختر) کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان بود. داده های زبانی با استفاده از پرسش نامه تکمیل گفتمان و روش ایفای نقش گردآوری و به وسیله آزمون آماری خی دو و تی مستقل (05/0 p< ) بررسی و تحلیل شدند. نتایج حاصل از دو روش گردآوری داده ها نشان داد رابطه معناداری بین قدرت مخاطب و نوع و تعداد راهبردهای به کاربرده شده توسط دانشجویان پسر و دختر وجود داشت. پرکاربردترین راهبرد تشویق کردن «راهبردهای ادب سلبی» از نوع احترام گذاشتن برای مخاطب با قدرت بالاتر (استاد) بود. متداول ترین راهبردهای تشویق کردن از لحاظ تعداد نیز راهبردهای ترکیبی دوتایی و کم کاربردترین، راهبردهای ترکیبی نه تایی بودند. جنسیت مخاطب در سه موقعیت بر نوع راهبردهای به کاربرده شده توسط دانشجویان پسر تاثیر داشت؛ در حالی که بر تعداد راهبردهای به کار برده شده توسط دانشجویان پسر و همچنین بر نوع و تعداد راهبردهای به کاربرده شده توسط دانشجویان دختر موثر نبود. بدین ترتیب، پرکاربردترین نوع راهبرد استفاده شده توسط دانشجویان دختر برای مخاطب مرد و زن راهبردهای «ادب ایجابی» و ترکیبی سه تایی بود. پرکاربردترین راهبرد درمیان آزمودنی های پسر در مقابل مخاطب های مرد راهبردهای «ادب ایجابی» و برای مخاطب زن راهبردهای «ادب سلبی» و ترکیبی دوتایی بود.
۶۷.

Effect of Emotional Valence, Frequency and Gender on L2 Word Recognition Time: An Eye Tracking Study(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: جستارهای زبانی دوره سیزدهم مرداد و شهریور ۱۴۰۱ شماره ۳ (پیاپی ۶۹) 138-111

کلیدواژه‌ها: Emotional words eye tracking frequency Gender Lexical processing Valence

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تعداد بازدید : ۱۹۷ تعداد دانلود : ۱۶۷
Emotional words are assumed to have a processing advantage over neutral words due to their emotional content. Meanwhile, this advantage depends on other word features such as frequency and the characteristics of the processor and context of learning. Accordingly, the current study investigated the simultaneous impacts of L2 words’ emotional valence and frequency, and L2 user’s gender on word recognition time in a natural reading context. 43 intermediate EFL learners read 36 sentences in a coherent text for comprehension while their eye movements were recorded by eye-tracker. The findings revealed that participants processed the positive, negative, and neutral words identically based on eye fixation time. However, the frequency effect was attained for both valenced and neutral words. Also, no significant gender differences were approved in terms of recognition time though male participants tended to process all word types slightly faster than female ones. The lack of processing difference between valenced and neutral words is attributed to the disembodiment of L2 emotional words and learning experience of the participants as late EFL learners. These learners have been deprived of affective socialization and the affective sensory experience in their development of L2 emotional words. The absence of valence/frequency interaction is attributed to the L1/L2 relationship in terms of the target words. Although witnessed gender effect did not reach a significance level, it is suggested that the processing of emotional words be viewed in a multidimensional framework where the characteristics of the word, the processor, and the learning context are taken into account
۶۸.

Critical Thinking: A Reading Strategy in Developing English Reading Comprehension Performance

نویسنده:
منبع: Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Translation Studies, Vol. ۱ No. ۲, August ۲۰۱۲ 21 - 34

کلیدواژه‌ها: Critical thinking strategies training Gender Reading Comprehension language proficiency

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تعداد بازدید : ۲۹۱ تعداد دانلود : ۱۸۹
There is a general consensus that critical thinking can be influential in almost every occupation due to its association with the abilities such as problem solving and decision making. This paper aims at probing the role of critical thinking (CT) skills on EFL learners' reading comprehension performance using Bloom's taxonomy. Therefore, the role of CT strategies training across two language proficiency levels, high & low, was investigated. Then the difference between females and males regarding their CT was studied. In so doing, 240 male and female Iranian EFL students were selected and screened into two proficiency levels based on the Longman preparation course for TOEFL test. Each proficiency group was divided into critical and non-critical group. The results suggested CT skills significantly affected EFL learners’ reading comprehension performance. However, the effect of critical thinking strategy training didn’t vary across different language proficiency levels. Overall, the findings provide empirical support for the facilitative effect of critical thinking strategy training on reading comprehension performance of EFL learners.
۶۹.

Linguistic and Discoursal Features of Text Message Language Created by Iranian Male and Female SMS Users

نویسنده:
منبع: Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Translation Studies, Vol. ۲, No. ۱, January ۲۰۱۳ 55 - 72

کلیدواژه‌ها: Discoursal features Gender Linguistic Features short message service text messages

حوزه‌های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۷۰ تعداد دانلود : ۱۳۷
The present study sought to examine the linguistic and discoursal features in the language of the text messages created by Iranian EFL learners. To this end, 400 text messages were collected from both genders. The contents of the collected data were analyzed in terms of linguistic features as well as discoursal features. The results highlighted the important role of gender in linguistic and discoursal features of text messages created by Iranian mobile phone users. More specifically, females’ use of complex sentences, formal opening and closing, and expression of thoughts, feelings, and emotions in their messages were much higher than men who created simple, short and to the point messages. The findings of this study highlight the role of text messages as a pedagogical tool since they are widely used to send or receive learning or information contents.
۷۰.

Exploring the Relationship between Teachers’ Creativity, Classroom Management, Age and Gender

نویسنده:
منبع: Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Translation Studies, Vol. ۴, No. ۱, October ۲۰۱۹ 67 - 88

کلیدواژه‌ها: Age Classroom Management Gender Teachers’ Creativity

حوزه‌های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۹۸ تعداد دانلود : ۱۸۲
The present study aimed to study the relationship between teachers’ creativity, classroom management, age and gender. To achieve these goals, 70 Iranian EFL teachers participated in the study by filling out two questionnaires: Creativity Fostering Teacher Behavior Index developed by Soh (2000) ,and Behavior and Instructional Management Scale developed by Martin and Sass (2010). Analysis of the questionnaires revealed that there is a statistically positive significant relationship between teachers’ creativity and classroom management. In addition, the findings indicated that there is statistically significant difference across the three age groups regarding their attitudes towards creativity and classroom management. Likewise, it was revealed that there is significant difference between Iranian EFL male and female teachers concerning their attitudes towards creativity. However, the findings also indicated that there was not any statistically significant difference between Iranian EFL male and female teachers regarding their attitudes towards classroom management. The findings have implications for EFL teachers.
۷۱.

Gender-Specific Charactonyms in Persian Translation of John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim's Progress

نویسنده:
منبع: Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Translation Studies, Vol. ۶, No. ۴, ۲۰۲۱-۲۰۲۲ 23 - 38

کلیدواژه‌ها: Charactonym Charactonyms Personalia Gender connotation Persian Equivalent

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تعداد بازدید : ۱۷۸ تعداد دانلود : ۱۳۶
The present research aimed to investigate gender-specific charactonyms and their meanings in Persian Translations of John Bunyan’s (1678) The Pilgrim's Progress. It also aimed to reveal translation strategies applied by both translators in their translations, Siyahat-i Masihi (‘سیاحت مسیحی’) by J. L. Potter in 1926 and Seir-o Solouk-i Za’ir (‘سیر و سلوک زائر’) by Golnaz Hamedi in 2002. To do so, SL gender-specific charactonyms and TL equivalents were compared together at Evelyn Hatch’s (1992) macro-level analysis. According to Hatch (1992), characters, as one of the elements of a story, play a significant role and affect the macrostructure of the story. Then, Alexander Kalashnikov’s (2011) two types of charactonyms were used to analyze the translations. The results show that Potter preferred to preserve the titles of gender (masculine and feminine) in his translation. In contrast, Hamedi more tended to distance the gender of the charactonyms having deeper meanings. This led to affect the novel due to the omission of the characteristics and additional information behind the charactonyms.
۷۲.

Gender Archaeology; An Analytical Review of Gender Symbols in Proto-Elamite Anthropomorphic Nominal Chain of Signs(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)

نویسنده:
منبع: Journal of Archaeology and Archaeometry, Volume ۱, Issue ۲, August ۲۰۲۲ 13 - 29

کلیدواژه‌ها: Proto-Elamite Gender Syllabic structure Tablets of Susa

حوزه‌های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۵۲۸ تعداد دانلود : ۲۰۶
Gender archaeology, the study of gender differences between men and women throughout history, is a significant subject that has evolved into a proper, prominent science in recent decades. Proto-Elamite is among the periods that give us great information regarding the status of genders. The abundance of tablets found from this period is among the oldest middle-eastern written scripts. Many of these are about paying wages to male and female laborers for manufacturing and stockbreeding jobs. Studying these texts provides essential information regarding the status of Iranian Plateau’s women at the end of the fourth millennium B.C. M388 sign is one of the most significant gender signs known. It probably symbolizes a man or a particular social class in proto-Elamite texts. It’s also been used before signs that might show names written using a phonetical structure. M124 is the opposite sign. It was probably considered a female gender sign. It has been used in some tablets or at the beginning of a series of phonetic signs (names). This research attempts to reconstruct two different signs at the beginning of the name sign-series. These signs probably assign gender to the names. Authors read 1500 tablets in Susa. Two hundred ninety-five of these tablets begin with M124 or M388 signs. There are more than 100 phonetic signs. The chances of 295 names being similar are slim. This strengthens our gender-specification hypotheses that M124 and M388 are gender symbols in the name sign-series.
۷۳.

“You Sick Geeky Bastards!”: A Gender-Based Analysis of Impoliteness Strategies in American Comedy Series(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Journal of Applied Language Studies,Vol ۱۴, No. ۱, ۲۰۲۲ 1 - 18

کلیدواژه‌ها: Impoliteness strategies Culpeper’s framework Gender American comedy series

حوزه‌های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۴۵۳ تعداد دانلود : ۲۱۰
This paper examined impoliteness strategies used by characters and their resulting reactions in five American comedy series. Drawing on Culpeper’s models (1996 & 2003), the comedy series were watched several times with one month interval to make sure that the impolite utterances and their reactions were put in the correct categories. The results of the study revealed that sarcasm was the most frequently used strategy among other strategies, and male and female characters were not distinct in using this strategy. However, male characters exploited the bald on record strategy more than their female counterparts. One striking result was the frequent use of offensive reactions by male actors. The reasons behind the variable use of these strategies are twofold. First, impoliteness is used as a tool to show off the power of the male characters. Second, using impoliteness strategies in comedy series reflect the entertaining role of sarcasm used by the actors.
۷۴.

Predicting loneliness based on perceived parenting style and self-esteem in adolescents: the moderating role of gender(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Journal of preventive Counselling, Volume ۳, Issue ۲, July ۲۰۲۲ 16 - 30

کلیدواژه‌ها: Perceived parenting style loneliness Self-esteem adolescents Gender

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Loneliness is a sad and even painful emotional experience that is thought to be caused by a lack in the quantity or quality of one's social relationships. The aim of the present study was to predict the loneliness based on perceived parenting style and self-esteem in adolescents by moderating the role of gender. The research population included all male and female students of 12-17 years of age studying in the academic year of 1400-1401 in Tehran, and 250 of these students responded to the online questionnaire related to the research. The method of the current research was step-by-step multivariate regression correlation, and in order to collect data, Asher and Wheeler's loneliness questionnaire (1985), Rosenberg's self-esteem questionnaire (1965) and Bury's parenting questionnaire (1992) were used. The obtained results showed that there is an inverse relationship between permissive and authoritative parenting styles with feelings of loneliness and a direct relationship between authoritarian parenting styles and feelings of loneliness, and no significant relationship was seen between self-esteem and feelings of loneliness. Authoritative parenting style was able to predict the feeling of loneliness in the whole sample and by gender, and the amount of predicting the feeling of loneliness based on the authoritative parenting style was seen more in the group of girls than in boys. According to the findings, it can be said that authoritative parenting style can reduce the feeling of loneliness of teenagers and it is necessary to take these results into consideration in training for parents and clinical counselors.
۷۵.

Professionalism and Commitment among Iranian EFL Teachers: Do Educational Context and Gender Make a Difference?

نویسنده:
منبع: Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Translation Studies, Vol. ۷, No. ۴, Autumn ۲۰۲۲ 37 - 58

کلیدواژه‌ها: Commitment Educational Context EFL Teachers Gender Language institutes Professionalism Senior Secondary Schools

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This study explored the status of professionalism and commitment among Iranian EFL Teachers. In doing so, 136 (86 private-and 50 public-sector) EFL teachers of different ages (25-55) from different schools and institutes in Tehran participated in this study. The participants completed the pertinent instruments (i.e., Teachers’ Professionalism and Organizational Commitment Questionnaires). Moreover, out of 136 participants, 40 EFL teachers were interviewed. The results showed that both professionalism and commitment along with their subcategories were rationally high among EFL teachers. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between EFL teachers’ professionalism and commitment. Besides, the content analysis of interviews indicated that professional teachers were committed to their teaching and were sensitive to learners’ needs. Likewise, committed teachers were actively looking for professional development opportunities. The results also showed that female EFL instructors had a higher level of professionalism and commitment than their male counterparts. Additionally, the results indicated that EFL instructors in language institutes had a higher level of professionalism and commitment than those in senior secondary schools. The findings can support EFL policymakers, supervisors, managers, and teacher trainers to grasp a better picture of professionalism and commitment in Iranian EFL educational contexts.
۷۶.

Equity on General English Achievement Tests through Gender-based DIF Analysis across Different Majors(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)

نویسنده:
منبع: international Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research, Volume ۱۰, Issue ۴۳, ۲۰۲۲ 47 - 65

کلیدواژه‌ها: Differential Item Functioning (DIF) equity Gender General English achievement test IAUGEAT IRT Test validation

حوزه‌های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۹۰ تعداد دانلود : ۱۷۰
This study is an investigation of gender equity in the context of the General English Achievement Test developed and used at Islamic Azad University (Isfahan Branch, IRAN), henceforth IAUGEAT, with test takers majoring in different fields of study. A sample of 835 students sitting for IAUGEAT was chosen purposively. The test scores were analyzed by the one-parameter IRT model. A focus group interview (10 test developers and language teachers) was also used to inquire into their perceptions about the impact of test takers’ gender and major on test equity. The findings of the DIF analysis indicated a reciprocal action between item type and gender DIF as some items exhibited DIF across different subgroups. In three subgroups, they favored female students. In one subgroup, they favored males. In the other two subgroups, they favored males and females alike. The qualitative data obtained from the focus group interview further confirmed the results. In general, our findings strongly suggest that checking gender equity via a Rasch-model DIF analysis is both eminent and convergent with a qualitative evaluation of test-takers' performance by test developers and instructors.      
۷۷.

The Effect of Individual and Collaborative Assessment Training on Iranian Male and Female EFL Learners' Writing(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Journal Of English Language and Literature Teaching, Volume ۱, Issue ۲, March ۲۰۲۲ 26 - 41

کلیدواژه‌ها: Assessment Training Collaboratively Individually Gender writing skill

حوزه‌های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۳۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۳
Individual and collaborative assessments have engaged all researchers' attention over the last century. This study explored the probable improvement in Iranian EFL learners' writing with respect to individual and collaborative self-assessment training as well as examining the effect of gender on assessment training. The participants in this study were 80 (40 males, 40 females) English learners in a language institute. This sample was divided into four equal groups. Two groups worked on assessment individually, and two groups performed assessment collaboratively. Data were collected from a self-assessment questionnaire and writing scores based on IELTS task 1 writing band score descriptors and Magoosh Essay Rubric for the GRE and GMAT. Results revealed the positive effect of collaborative assessment training on writing. Additionally, the Two-Way Analysis of Variance (Two-Way ANOVA) indicated that the female participants in the collaborative group outperformed males in the same group. The study provides implications for teachers and institutional policymakers in how to improve English learners’ writing proficiency.
۷۸.

Secondary School Teachers’ Access to Virtual Laboratory for Teaching Biology in Secondary Schools in Minna, Niger State

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Distance Education, Volume ۴, Issue ۱, Winter & Spring ۲۰۲۲ 21 - 35
تعداد بازدید : ۱۱۹ تعداد دانلود : ۹۸
This study determined the Biology teachers’ access to the use of virtual laboratory in Secondary schools in Minna, Niger State. The study adopted descriptive research of the survey type. The population for the study consisted all secondary school Biology teachers in Minna, Niger State. 300 Biology teachers were purposively selected based on the available Biology teachers in Zone B senatorial district in Niger State. The instrument for data collection was an adapted questionnaire. Descriptive and Inferential statistics were used to answer the research question and test the stated hypotheses with the aid of stastistical product and service solution (SPSS) version 20.0 at 0.05 level of significant . The findings indicated 60.1 % of the biology teachers had access to virtual Laboratory and there is no significant difference in teachers’ access to virtual laboratory for teaching biology based on gender and school type. The study concluded that activities that would require the use of ICT-based resources in secondary school should be given to both male and female since the findings of this study revealed that there was no significant difference between male and female teachers. The study recommends that since ICT resources relies heavily on power supply, provision of solar power supply would facilitate constant supply of electricity for maximum utilization of ICT based resources and facilities for teaching Biology.
۷۹.

Effect of Distance Learning on Iranian EFL Students’ Motivation with a Focus on Gender

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Distance Education, Volume ۴, Issue ۱, Winter & Spring ۲۰۲۲ 83 - 97
تعداد بازدید : ۱۵۷ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۱
Distance learning has gained more significance in recent years. The present study intended to investigate whether there was any statistically significant correlation between motivation and learning English through Shad and WhatsApp as perceived by Iranian high school language learners. Furthermore, the study aimed to find out whether the participants’ gender moderated the relationship between motivation and learning English through Shad and WhatsApp. To fulfill these aims, a correlational study was set up and data were collected from 169 male and female learners, some of whom were exposed to WhatsApp and the rest received Shad as their English language class platforms. Data elicited from the motivation questionnaire and English language test of the learners were analyzed through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation, and Fisher's z transformation formula to come up with the results of the study. The findings revealed that there was a moderate, positive, and statistically significant relationship between motivation and English learning of the WhatsApp-group learners. Moreover, it was found that there was a weak, positive, and statistically significant relationship between motivation and English learning of the Shad-group learners, and gender did not have a moderating role in the relationship between motivation and English earning of the learners, neither in the WhatsApp nor in the Shad groups. The implications of the study are presented and discussed.
۸۰.

An Analysis of Amory Blaine’s Affective Masculinity in Scott Fitzgerald’s This Side of Paradise(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Critical Literary Studies, Vol ۵, No ۱, Autumn and Winter ۲۰۲۲-۲۰۲۳ 15 - 29
تعداد بازدید : ۲۲۶ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۷
In the early decades of the twentieth century, masculinity created a tangled network of man-woman connections centered on power and control. Additionally, how a man formed relationships was very significant in enhancing his public persona. Scott Fitzgerald’s fiction articulates this complicated and contentious historiography of masculinity and its linkages to the era’s literary tradition. This paper proceeds toward masculinity studies to demonstrate the representation of affective masculinity in Fitzgerald’s This Side of Paradise (1920). The authors argue that Deleuze’s concept of “affect” and its relation to modern discourses of masculinity would enhance our perception of Fitzgerald’s construction of masculinity in his debut novel. The paper analyzes the affective transformation of Amory Blaine as a new man based on his interactions with the female characters of the story. The results of the research show that in Fitzgerald’s definition of masculinity, man is affected and enhanced by the gentle feminine features, and Amory Blaine too acquires a new identity for himself.