مطالب

Enterprise risk management (ERM) represents a new paradigm that supports organizations in identifying, evaluating, and managing risks. Several factors encourage different organizations, especially banks, to design and apply ERM; among them, the possibility of financial problems and related costs, financial performance decline, growth opportunities, and independence of the board of directors can be pointed out. In addition, applying a suitable risk management strategy is a competitive advantage for supporting companies. Following the previous comprehensive studies, the present study was done by integrating a meta-composition approach and multivariate fuzzy network analysis. In this research, to identify effective factors on ERM based on empirical evidence and selection of studies, description and classification of selected articles, analysis of the content of selected research articles, and finally, the importance and refinement of the identified factors based on the Delphi expert opinion polling technique, and multivariate fuzzy network analysis was discussed. The study aimed to identify and rank the factors affecting the effectiveness of ERM of the firms accepted in selected banks in Iran. While reviewing studies, a semi-structured interview was conducted using an Exploratory-Descriptive Qualitative (EDQ) research design to determine the factors that affect ERM effectiveness. The interviewed experts were comprised of 20 university professors, CEOs, financial analysts of investment and brokerage companies, and senior auditors with accounting and management education. The literature review and the results of the interviews indicate five main themes that classify the factors affecting ERM effectiveness in firms. In this study, key factors were identified, and then the fuzzy Delphi technique was employed to rank and find the weight of the factors. The results showed that corporate governance, financial indicators, environmental indicators, company characteristics, and management indicators effectively enhance ERM's effectiveness. Accordingly, capital market analysts and investment companies should take a broader perspective and make decisions based on companies' financial risks instead of paying attention to companies' profitability and stock price changes. The results demonstrated that five factors determine ERM effectiveness: 1. corporate governance indicators (monitoring the board of directors and ownership structure), 2. Financial indicators (return on assets (ROA), earnings volatility, merger and acquisition (M&A) activities, financial deficiency, and capital opacity), 3. Environmental indicators (performance excellence, industry competition, audit firm credibility, environmental uncertainty, and industry), 4. Firm characteristics (financial leverage, firm size, and growth opportunities), and 5. Management indicators (management career and business diversity).

This paper reviews 70 scholarly studies to explore and organize key methodologies in architectural design research through a systematic lens. It is grounded on three widely used frameworks: Frayling's research into, through, and for design; Cross's typology of design knowledge as epistemological, praxeological, and phenomenological; and Buchanan's basic, applied, and clinical research model. The study employed a structured review procedure, following PRISMA guidelines, to evaluate articles from 1982 to 2023 in major scholarly databases. A shared set of strategies and methods was also developed for each type of design research. The proposed conceptual framework—derived from the timing of the research intervention (pre-, through-, or post-design)—provided a more distinct charting of the research landscape. It revealed prevalent clusters of design research practice, each shaped by unique pairs of epistemological emphasis and methodological stance. Based on past studies, this research developed a further typology known as research through design (II), an expansion of the three earlier categories. By offering a distinct and understandable classification, the article aims to assist architecture students, instructors, and novice researchers in selecting the most suitable research approaches. The conclusions enhance the clarity of architectural education and help position design research as a central component of both academic study and professional practice.