مطالب

در تلقیح مصنوعی ممکن است به اغراضی و در شرایطی خاص اسپرم شوهر جهت درمان ناباروری، در زمان حیض به رحم همسر وی منتقل گردد مساله اصلی این است که آیا چنین عملی از منظر فقه شیعه جایز است یا خیر؟. این نوشتار به روش کتابخانه ای پاسخ این مساله را دنبال میکند. آیه شریفه و یکدسته از روایات دلالت بر حرمت وطی زن در زمان حیض دارد و از این روایات برداشت میشود اصل عمل مقاربت در زمان حیض مذموم است،واضح است که انتقال مصنوعی اسپرم مشمول این دلیل حرمت نیست ، اما علاوه بر این از دسته دیگری از روایات برداشت میشود که فرزند دار شدن در زمان حیض حرام است با توجه به اینکه در زمان حیض امکان انعقاد نطفه وجود ندارد معلوم است معلوم است منظئور از چنین فرزند دار شدنی این است که در زمان حیض منی به زحم منتقل شود و بعد از حیض در پاکی تخمک گذاری شود و اسپرم تا ان زمان زنده بماند ولقاح صورت گیرد، پس اصل ورود نطفه مرد در زمان حیض که بعدا منجر به ولد میشود در روایات مورد نهی است لذا اگر این ورود از طریق انتقال مصنوعی انجام شود نیز حرام خواهد بود.

INTRODUCTION: Citizenship behavior in the field of management and organizational psychology refers to voluntary and informal behaviors and actions taken by employees in order to improve the functioning of the organization, go beyond the regular duties, and are carried out voluntarily without expectation of reward. This study analyzes the relationship between employee performance and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in the RCS of Markazi province. METHODS: In this descriptive-correlational study, the statistical population includes all the employees of the RCS of Markazi province which 130 people were selected as a sample using the Cochran formula. In order to collect data, the standard OCB questionnaire of Organ (1988) and the Job Performance Scale of William & Anderson (1991) were used. The relationship between variables was analyzed using correlation coefficients and regression through SPSS-23 software in two descriptive and inferential sections. FINDINGS: According to the findings, among the 130 participants, 82 (63.1%) and 48 (36.9%) were male and female respectively; the age group of 31-40 had the highest frequency with 57 (43.8%); and 6-10 years of work experience, bachelor's degree level and under -a-contract employment status had the highest frequency with 36 (27.7%), 49 (37.7%) and 51 (39.2%) respectively. However, there are a direct and significant relationship between employee performance and citizenship behavior in the dimensions of "altruism", "conscientiousness", "civic virtue" and "curtsey". The correlation coefficient of organizational performance with the aforementioned dimensions is 0.368, 0.347, 0.233 and 0.397, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results showed that among the dimensions of OCB, "curtsey" and "civic virtue" have the highest and lowest correlations with the "performance" variable. On the other hand, the "chivalry" has no significant relationship with performance. Also, the effect of OCB on employee performance was significant, which can be said that the predictor variable (OCB) is able to explai

This research aimed to design and evaluate the effectiveness model of educational organizations based on the social systems model in high schools of Shiraz city. This research employed a sequential exploratory mixed-method (qualitative-quantitative) design and conducted as a case study in some high schools in Shiraz. The research, in the form of a thematic network, was designed as one overarching theme, 6 organizing themes, and 42 foundational themes. The organizing themes included components related to: teacher's human factors, student's human factors, parents' human factors and, structural, social, and educational-research components. Based on these, a proposed research model Introduced. In the instrument development phase, a researcher-made questionnaire on school effectiveness, derived from the qualitative findings, designed. The statistical population consisted of teachers and included students majoring in mathematics - physics, in Shiraz high schools. For evaluating the research model, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods employed. The fit indexes were indicators of the validity of the organizational effectiveness model with an approach toward the effectiveness of educational organizations. The findings of this research revealed that, in sequence, the human factors of the teacher are educational, the parents' human factors are structural and student's human factors are social research. Accordingly, it emphasizes the imperative attention of the relevant executives and officials towards implementing the research model.

Social responsibilities could meet the needs of stakeholders invariably. Financial transparency is a key component of social responsibility and the mechanism of corporate leadership principles. The present study aimed to assess the effects and levels of various influential factors in realizing social responsibilities based on the mechanism of corporate leadership principles with an emphasis on financial transparency. We attempted to validate and grade four main factors in this research, including mandating, monitoring, infrastructural, and structural factors. For this purpose, a questionnaire was developed to assess the data of 256 corporate managers and determine the associations between these factors in the form of four main hypotheses using path analysis. According to the findings, the four mentioned factors were confirmed in terms of their impact on the realization of social responsibilities based on the mechanism of corporate leadership principles with an emphasis on financial transparency. In addition, infrastructural factors had the most significant effect on the realization of social responsibilities based on corporate governance then, Monitoring, Structural, and Mandating factors are influential, respectively. Research findings are consistent with the theoretical framework of the stakeholder theory.

Objective: The purpose of the current research was to identify the factors and contexts leading couples to mutual divorce. Method: This study was qualitative, utilizing descriptive phenomenology. The population consisted of couples seeking mutual divorce at counseling centers in Tehran. Among these, interviews with couples were conducted through purposive sampling until theoretical saturation was achieved. Qualitative data were collected using descriptive phenomenology and semi-structured interviews. Then, data analysis was performed using content analysis. Findings: The results of the content analysis of the data collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews showed that the contexts leading to mutual divorce could be categorized into eight classes: 1) extramarital relationships, 2) domestic violence, 3) childlessness, 4) conflicts, contradictions, and differences, 5) criminality, 6) addiction, 7) age, and 8) economic status. Conclusion: The results indicated that the factors leading to mutual divorce could be classified into two categories: personal factors and interpersonal or non-personal factors.

The present research aims to examine the opportunities and challenges of Shia's culture and religion in the political development process in Iraq after Saddam. The research method is de-scriptive-analytical, and the results indicate that post-Saddam Iraq provided a new opportunity for Shia to participate in power and incorporate their cultural and religious components into governance and forward-looking politics. Shia religion, due to its distinct principles of justice and imamate, sets it apart from other Islamic sects, principles that result in rationality, dy-namic jurisprudence, and freedom, aligning with political development. The approaches of Shia authorities in recent years indicate the existence of rationality as a key element and indi-cator of political development. The attention of the people and obedience to the institution of authority in various fatwas and numerous crises witnessed by Iraq are evidence of political maturity and the growth of customary reasoning among the Shia community in Iraq. Howev-er, Shia in Iraq, due to years of staying away from power, lack of political governance experi-ence, different interpretations of Shia jurisprudence regarding intervention and participation in politics, and realities of society and the international system imposed on Shia culture, have not been entirely in harmony with the Western concept of political development with Shia religious components in this post-Saddam era.