مطالب

The current study explored the status quo of L2 writing self-efficacy among Iranian English majors in light of their gender, level of education, and teaching experience. To this end, 193 learners who were students or graduates of English literature or translation at BA, MA and PhD levels and who ranged in age between 19 to 40 participated in this study. Data were collected using the Second Language Writer Self-Efficacy Scale that measures L2 learners’ linguistic self-efficacy, course performance self-efficacy, and self-regulation efficacy. Analysis of the data revealed no significant difference between males and females in terms of L2 writing self-efficacy. A significant difference was, however, found among all the three academic degree levels with the PhD group showing the highest level of L2 writing self-efficacy and the BA group showing the lowest self-efficacy. We set out to also examine whether experience in teaching English influences L2 writing efficacy. Our analyses revealed that the experienced teachers had a significantly higher L2 writing efficacy compared to the mid-experience teachers who were, in turn, less efficacious in L2 writing than low-experience participants. Implications of our findings for the writing courses and the what and how of writing instruction in the Iranian higher education curricula are discussed.

This study investigates the pragmastylistic features employed in English and Arabic religious texts, with a specific focus on the concept of rewarding. Drawing on Narmin Abbas Lutfi Baqqal's PhD dissertation, the research examines the pragmatic and stylistic characteristics of rewarding in Biblical and Prophetic Hadith texts. The study addresses two primary research questions: (1) What are the pragmastylistic features used in English and Arabic religious texts to convey rewarding? (2) Which pragmatic and stylistic features are more prevalent in these texts? By analyzing 20 Biblical verses and 20 Prophetic Hadiths, the paper identifies the linguistic and rhetorical devices used to express rewarding, highlighting both similarities and differences between the two languages. The findings reveal that both texts employ declarative and imperative speech acts, deixis, and figurative language, but with distinct stylistic preferences. This study contributes to the fields of pragmatics, stylistics, and religious discourse analysis, offering insights into how language shapes religious messages across different cultural and linguistic contexts.

In recent decades, the Islamic Republic of Iran has been struggling with piracy security threats and has suffered a lot. The piracy crisis and the presence of pirates in international waters have become one of the main crises facing the Iranian economy. Considering Iran's determination to develop its maritime transit and obtaining a larger share of the transit of free waters, attention has been paid to the issue of maritime security and the investigation of the phenomenon of piracy and ways of coping with it. Iran, like other members of the international community and following the resolutions of the Security Council, considers the threat of piracy, especially Somali pirates, to be a threat to itself, and through the navy of the Islamic Republic of Iran's military, a combination of legal, political-military measures in the form of Defense diplomacy has taken to deal with it. This article seeks to answer the question of what role the Iran Navy has played in countering the threat of piracy security within the framework of the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) and in accordance with international law. The findings of this paper indicate that Iran Navy has been in charge of maritime security in the last decade to deal with this security threat and has been able to reliably restrain these threats by legal, political, military mechanisms. And it has a relatively successful performance. The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of the background and conceptual evolution of piracy and to discover its various forms throughout human history and the legal and international status of the fight against piracy and the actions taken by the Iran Navy in the context of IONS to ensure maritime safety.