مطالب

The protection of victims’ rights has long attracted significant academic and legal interest, finding expression in both international instruments and national legislation. Among these rights, the right to information occupies a central position, serving as a prerequisite for the meaningful exercise of all other entitlements within any justice system. Modern instruments such as the European Union Directive 2012/29/EU Establishing Minimum Standards on the Rights, Support, and Protection of Victims of Crime 2012 (‘Victims’ Rights Directive’), and the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights 2015, explicitly enshrine this right as foundational to effective victim participation and access to justice. Within this context, this article employs a qualitative methodology to examine how contemporary international instruments conceptualise and operationalise the victims’ right to information, and to identify the core legal and institutional requirements for its effective implementation across jurisdictions. Following an introduction, literature review, and theoretical framework, the study traces the historical evolution of this right, analyses mainstream international approaches, and outlines the key elements necessary for its adequate realisation in national legal systems. The analysis concludes that while international norms increasingly promote a more expansive and structured approach to victims’ right to information, several domestic frameworks - particularly in developing jurisdictions - frequently remain underdeveloped or inconsistent in their application. The article consequently argues that aligning national legislation, judicial procedures, and institutional support mechanisms with emergent international standards is essential to ensuring the full and effective enjoyment of this right by all victims of crime.

It is no secret that mathematics has always been a guide to solving many problems in human life. Humans, in their decision-making processes, constantly deal with various variables and indicators, and one of the approaches to analyzing these variables is the use of multi-criteria decision-making methods. However, a significant challenge in applying these techniques is the independence of criteria or indicators relative to one another. One of the modern solutions for achieving independence among variables (or indicators) is the use of the Gram-Schmidt method; however, the accuracy of this algorithm might decline when it is implemented on large-scale vectors. This paper proposes a Developed Gram–Schmidt Algorithm (DGSA). The Schmidt vectors obtained from the proposed algorithm are prone to a lower error rate than those resulting from the Gram–Schmidt algorithm. To demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm, several different numerical examples have also been used. At the end of the research, a case study based on the proposed approach was also conducted at Shazand Oil Refinery (SOR) to demonstrate the applicability of this approach in a real-world example. The findings have shown that the proposed approach has relatively high accuracy.