مطالب

L’interprétation, en tant que processus cognitif, vise à transférer le vouloir-dire de l’orateur en reformulant le discours dans la langue cible. Ce processus, qu’il soit en consécutive ou en simultanée, exige une gestion efficace des ressources cognitives pour accomplir plusieurs tâches simultanément. Une charge cognitive excessive peut compromettre la performance de l’interprète, d’où la nécessité de développer des compétences cognitives adaptées. Cette étude explore l’impact de la mise en œuvre de doubles tâches sur le développement des capacités cognitives des étudiants en interprétation. Un groupe expérimental a suivi des cours spécifiques intégrant des doubles tâches, tandis qu’un groupe de contrôle n’a reçu aucune formation supplémentaire. Les résultats de cette recherche indiquent une amélioration significative de l’empan mnésique chez le groupe expérimental, mais l’effet sur la performance en interprétation reste incertain. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance de poursuivre les recherches pour mieux comprendre le lien entre les compétences cognitives et la performance en interprétation.

In Hegel’s Philosophy of History, one encounters the idea of the “cunning of reason” [List der Vernunft], which describes the unintended (universal) consequences of (particular) individual actions. However, the Philosophy of History is one of the most (if not the most) maligned of Hegel’s works, attacked by non-specialists and anti-Hegelians who use it to easily stereotype and dismiss Hegel, for instance, as a teleological anti-individualist, while most serious Hegel interpreters avoid this work at all costs. To redress the lack of serious attention to Hegel’s Philosophy of History, this paper aims to offer the strongest possible reading of Hegel’s weakest “text,” reading it alongside his strongest, the Science of Logic, thereby bringing together two seemingly contradictory instances of the cunning of reason in Hegel’s corpus. In the Logic, the cunning of reason shows how the universal emerges through the means which individuals use toward their particular ends. However, in the Philosophy of History, the cunning of reason describes how the universal acts through individuals, as it were, behind their backs and, problematically, Hegel goes on to claim that the universal (spirit [Geist]) ultimately sacrifices individuals on the “slaughter bench” of history to advance its own purpose(s). This paper’s two-part thesis is: (1) the cunning of reason in the Philosophy of History is an internal illusion of the structure of cunning of reason in the Logic, and (2) this illusion is absolutely necessary. In particular, this paper builds upon the Hegel interpretations of Todd McGowan and Slavoj Žižek.

While one version of belief in inspiration, for which the inspired human passively receives inspired deliverances, precludes human creativity, another, for which inspired compositions reflect human agency and ingenuity, presupposes it. Margaret Boden, however, suggests (in The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms (2004)) that creativity is continuous with generic human powers, and also arises through infringing recognised rules. While the former suggestion (about continuity) is argued to be readily acceptable, problems are raised for the rule-breaking account of creativity. Accounts of creativity need to be supplemented with awareness that creativity commonly involves participation in traditions of skill or craftsmanship, and in a creative community, whether rules are broken or not. Further, the continuity approach is argued to be consistent with at least one particular variant of belief in inspiration, according to which God, as the universal Creator, can communicate through the imagination of receptive minds that reflect his/her creative imagination, as suggested by Austin Farrer in ‘Inspiration: Poetical and Divine’ (1963). Other faculties as well as the imagination are held to be involved, in a manner consistent with the continuity approach: perception, memory, reflectiveness, historical awareness and artistic ingenuity.

The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris brought together 195 countries to reach an agreement. Regardless of the environmental issues discussed and agreed in the conference, what seems significant is the global role that France played as the conference hosting nation. The country managed to promote itself as "the" eligible place among many European cities to host the conference, creating a diplomatic prestige for itself, provoking new environmental ambitions worldwide and presenting Paris as the home city, whose name is attached to the agreement forever. Yet, environmental issues have not always been a driving force for diplomatic efforts and public policy initiatives in France. Indeed, environmental protection grew to appear in the national agenda throughout decades and developed as a notion worthy of political and diplomatic attention in a long-term process, the study of which is noticeable in the European context. Utilizing Issue Ownership and Green Soft Power theories, the research employs Theory-Testing Process Tracing method to analyze France’s environmental contributions resulting in its leader role in the Paris Agreement. Ultimately, this study seeks to illuminate how environmental concerns gained public and political attention in the French society and politics, leading to the country's position in the agreement process. The author argues that an interplay of domestic and external factors let France present itself as a responsible actor in environmental affairs, strengthen its soft power on the international stage, and reinforce both national policy and international influence on the issue of the agreement.

Purpose : The current study examined the effectiveness of gamified reading of electronic books among adolescents in school libraries. Method : A randomized sample of students aged 11 to 12 years including two control and experimental groups from four schools participated in this study. According to the Mechanics, Dynamics, and Emotions (MDE) framework, six gamification elements were implemented as group challenges. The experiences were then evaluated based on a quasi-experimental design with a post-test via the GAMEX scale. Findings : Multiple independent t-tests using SPSS 26.0 showed that the gamified experience and its relevant subscales including enjoyment, absorption, creative thinking, activation, absence of negative affect, and dominance differed significantly between the two groups. Therefore, the results revealed that implementing gamification in the reading experience within a gamified environment is highly effective and will influence adolescents' interest, motivation and ability to read in library contexts, which can be of interest to experts and policymakers in education and computer science. Conclusion : Various game mechanisms can be integrated into the educational context or platforms like electronic books to make learning interesting and motivating to the students.

Purpose : This research aims to develop an advertising policy model in digital marketing based on eye tracking. Method : The research method is qualitative and based on grounded theory. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect information, and data analysis was performed using the Strauss and Corbin method and the paradigm model. Sampling was theoretical sampling using targeted (judgmental) techniques, based on which 15 interviews were conducted with managers and marketing and advertising experts. Findings : The findings of the research show that during the process of open, central and selective coding, the advertising policy model based on the use of eye tracking consists of Causal categories that include Advertising content, Quality of environmental advertising and Promotional features; contextual categories consist of advertising slogans,  billboard elements, analysis of customer eye movements;  intervening categories consist of online advertising,  advertising costs, advertising through media and mass communication; Central categories that consist of environmental advertising status, development of advertising influence, effective advertising on customers' intentions; category of strategies includes advertising message attractions, evaluation of target environmental advertising selection process, advertising based on customers' taste; consequence category includes competitive advantage, currency innovation, Promotion of strategic marketing decisions. Conclusion : The study concludes that the eye tracking-based advertising policy model provides a comprehensive framework for enhancing advertising strategies. The model emphasizes the importance of considering various factors such as advertising content, consumer behavior, and contextual elements in developing effective advertising campaigns. The research highlights the potential of eye tracking in optimizing advertisements and gaining a competitive edge in the market. From a managerial perspective, the model offers actionable insights for marketers to improve customer engagement and increase advertising effectiveness by leveraging eye tracking data. It also suggests that advertisements should be tailored to consumer preferences and the context in which they are viewed. The study advocates for further research in this area to broaden the application of eye tracking technology in other marketing domains and service sectors. From an academic standpoint, this research contributes to the limited body of knowledge regarding environmental advertising and the use of eye tracking in marketing. It provides a foundation for future studies to explore the relationship between visual marketing and consumer behavior, offering insights that could foster innovative advertising strategies in the digital marketing field.

The present article intends to apply Deleuzist tenets on Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra . Deleuze posits that an artwork is a desiring machine endowed with the basic components of becoming woman, becoming animal, nomadism, war machine as well as BwO (body without organs). Drawing upon them, this research aims to dissolve Rome-Egypt duality and its corresponding genderized subjectivity and racial bias. The major questions raised in the research include: First, how do the early modern biracial lovers, from contrasting geographical spaces, merge in parallelism, and to what effect? Second, to what extent is the course of desubjectification carried out? Third, what vantagepoint (in culturalists’ parlance) is envisioned for the future polity? To answer these questions, the present study probes into Deleuzist theories to demonstrate the characters’ decisiveness to transgress hegemonic codes and legitimate ideological power relations. These formulations align with Ovidian tradition of metamorphosis. Bodies in flux, reenact Shakespeare’s lovers in perpetual passage both within and without until Rome and Egypt – summing up the white/nonwhite polarity – consolidate. The disruptive theories appropriated by the lovers drive them to the communion of the disadvantaged. The final egalitarian gesture would envision a future polity of inclusion, diversity and equity.

A Reviving Rationality Theory offers a knowledge-based and practical framework to rebuild rational thinking in response to the complex crisis of our time. This crisis comes from the limits of traditional rationality, modern instrumental rationality, and postmodern relativism, which have led to stagnation, alienation, environmental destruction, and theoretical paralysis. Reviving Rationality defines rationality as an evolving system of knowledge and action based on three principles: coherent epistemic pluralism, constructive criticism, and evolutionary responsibility. Using multilayered critical realism, it examines reality at four levels (empirical, event-based, structural, and evolutionary) and draws knowledge from five sources (logical reasoning, empirical experience, practical intuition, social dialogue, and historical wisdom). By solving the paradox of fallibilism through distinguishing between the content, method, and purpose of knowledge, and emphasizing human dignity as a core principle for both knowledge and action, this theory moves beyond classic dualities like structure versus freedom or individual versus society. It systematically critiques instrumental rationality, postmodern relativism, and static traditionalism, proposing a three-stage process (analysis, synthesis, decision) and four criteria (logical coherence, alignment with evidence, practical effectiveness, and ethical consistency) to evaluate beliefs and decisions. Reviving Rationality is not a return to traditional or modern rationality, nor a full acceptance of postmodern critiques; instead, it provides an evolutionary, responsible, and inclusive framework that combines the strengths of scientific methods and logical analysis with diverse knowledge sources and ethical considerations to tackle complex issues like climate change and social inequality. This framework is a theoretical tool for rational and humane thinking, open to critique and improvement.

Today, we encounter a question that has rarely been treated as a serious or provocative issue: women and sexuality as a philosophical problem. This theme now acts as a critical marker—an axis that divides entire fields of thought into a before and after. The beginning of this epistemic shift can be traced back to a Freudian question: What does a woman really want? In this article, we follow this question through the lens of Lacanian theory, in which he introduces the concept of sexuation and illuminates the foggy, ambiguous terrain of femininity through the formulation of the hysterical discourse. Moving beyond a purely hysterical approach to womanhood, the French psychoanalyst carved a path for the re-inscription of her historically ambivalent and fragmented image. For Lacan, woman is a symptom—an embodiment of the fundamental contradiction and rupture within the symbolic order. The Woman does not exist; rather, la femme is a rebel who struggles to exist

This paper is a comparative study of two war novels, namely The Book of Collateral Damage by Sinan Antoon and The Yellow Birds by Kevin Powers. Both Antoon, an Iraqi-American author, and Powers, an American writer, describe war critically but from very different points of view. In Antoon’s novel, an Iraqi scholar living in the U.S. during the conflict tries to review the war, collect newspaper pieces of war news, and create a catalogue of the people, the land, and the human and non-human entities he knew before and during the war in Iraq. In Powers’ autobiographical account, the narrator is a young soldier struggling with war trauma and trying to express his bereavement for his dead friend. Both novels address war trauma, but the dimensions of trauma and the way memory and remembering operate in the lives of the narrators are very different. This paper argues that the positionality of the authors determines the way they narrate war. The Iraqi scholar tries to revisit the past and finds recollection a therapeutic act, while the young American soldier is haunted by the memory of his lost friend, and forgetting often becomes a survival strategy for him. The approach used to answer the question—How is war trauma experienced differently on the two sides of the same battlefield?—is a postcolonial one. The study borrows some ideas from postcolonial theoreticians such as Edward Said and Gayatri Spivak to analyse the two novels comparatively.