مطالب

Following the Islamic revolution, Iran has consistently faced threats from neighboring countries and major global powers. In response to Iran's revolutionary stance and its challenging position in the international arena, the United States has imposed significant arms and military sanctions aimed at curbing Iran's influence in the region. However, drawing from historical lessons, Iran has adopted a deterrence strategy to counter external pressures. To compensate for its relative conventional military weaknesses and maintain deterrence against adversaries, Iran has prioritized the development and production of missile capabilities. This study delves into the development of Iran's missile capabilities and their correlation with U.S. arms embargoes. It seeks to answer whether these sanctions have effectively contained Iran's regional influence. Employing a Trend Impact analysis methodology that utilizes library resources, we will explore the trajectory of Iran's missile industry development under sanctions. Furthermore, we assess the efficacy of these sanctions on Iran's defense capabilities and military structure. The research findings indicate that U.S. military sanctions have failed to achieve their intended objectives and safeguard the interests of the U.S. and its regional allies. Contrary to assertions, the sanctions have strengthened Iran's missile capabilities and regional influence, solidifying the country's position as a regional power in the international system.

INTRODUCTION: Road safety is a recognized global issue and according to the WHO, road traffic injuries are the eighth leading cause of death in all age groups, especially 5 to 29 years. Therefore, in this article, the road safety performance of Iran's provinces is examined. METHODS: This research was done using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method which is used in two deterministic and non-deterministic situations in order to evaluate road safety efficiency scores. This method gives scores (inefficiency) that allow road sections to be ranked appropriately in terms of being accident-prone. Uncertainty is one of the inevitable features of real-world problems, for which fuzzy theory and extend the DEA-RS model is used by considering its limitations as probability, necessity, and credibility constraints, and propose three fuzzy models such as possibility of DEA-RS (PosDEA-RS); necessary DEA-RS (NecDEA-RS); and the credibility of the DEA-RS (CreDEA-RS). FINDINGS: Three models which are extensions of the Data Envelopment Analysis based on the Road Safety (DEA-RS) model are proposed for evaluating road safety performance and the CreDEA-RS model is suitable for assessing the safety of roads in the provinces of Iran. CONCLUSION: The results show that the provinces located in mountain and forest areas like Gilan have a lower performance in terms of road safety, and provinces located in desert areas like Yazd have a higher road safety performance.

Purpose: Immigration always faces challenges and one of the can be investigated challenges in this field is violence towards immigrants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analysis the lived experience of teachers' violence towards Afghan students in primary schools. Methodology: The present study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was descriptive from type of qualitative. The research population was of Afghan elementary school students who had experienced of violence from teachers and principals of elementary schools, which 20 students and 10 principals were selected as samples through purposive sampling method. The research tool was a semi-structured and in-depth interview based on researcher-made questions, and the validity of the interviews was confirmed by the triangulation method and its reliability was obtained by the agreement coefficient method between two coders at 0.79. The data of the present study were analyzed by the coding method in MAXQDA-Pro software. Findings: The findings of this study indicated that the types of teachers' violence have 17 concepts in 3 components of verbal violence (6 concepts), behavioral violence (6 concepts) and physical violence (5 concepts), the effects of teachers' violence have 22 concepts in 4 components of mental (9 concept), academic (4 concepts), physical (3 concepts) and social (6 concepts) and control strategies of teachers' violence have 19 concepts in 5 components of educational (5 concepts), employment (3 concepts), planning (5 concepts), disciplinary (3 concepts) and cultural (3 concepts). Also, the pattern of types of teachers' violence, effects of teachers' violence and control strategies of teachers' violence were designed. Conclusion: According to the results, it is recommended to the education managers to use the control strategies of teachers' violence in order to reduce the types of teachers' violence and its effects.

Purpose: Good governance and organizational development can create a competitive advantage for any organization, including educational institutions. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to identify the dimensions and components of good governance and organizational development at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Methodology: This study was applied in purpose and qualitative in approach. The study population consisted of experts familiar with the research field at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. The research sample included 10 managers and professors at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, selected through purposive sampling based on the principle of theoretical saturation. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, the validity of which was confirmed based on confirmability, credibility, and transferability, and reliability was calculated using a Holsti coefficient of 0.76. Data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis in MAXQDA-2020 software. Findings: The analysis results showed that good governance comprises 20 components across five dimensions: desirable governance, value orientation, capacity building, transparency, and accountability; and organizational development consists of 19 components across three dimensions: non-financial performance, financial performance, and organizational growth. Ultimately, a model of the dimensions and components of good governance and organizational development at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences was developed. Conclusion: Utilizing the model designed in this study can assist professionals and officials at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in improving conditions and creating a competitive advantage.

Purpose: The primary objective of this article is to identify the dimensions and components for the enhancement of virtual educational leadership in the Islamic Azad Universities of Tehran province using thematic analysis. Methodology: The research method employed is mixed (qualitative-quantitative). In addition to document analysis, the thematic analysis technique with MAXQDA12 software was used to identify factors and components. The study population included all faculty members with at least an assistant professorship in educational management, higher education management, and educational technology, as well as administrators of Islamic Azad Universities, with theoretical saturation achieved after 15 interviews. Ultimately, base, organizing, and comprehensive themes were extracted, and in the quantitative section, structural equation modeling was used to determine the impact and ranking of the dimensions and components. Findings: Based on semi-structured interviews, four dimensions (knowledge of educational leadership in virtual environments, performance management and coaching in virtual environments, team leadership ability in virtual environments, ethical behaviors in virtual environments) and 24 components (organizing themes) were identified for virtual educational leadership in the Islamic Azad Universities of Tehran province. Subsequently, based on a researcher-made questionnaire, it was determined that the dimension of ethical behaviors in virtual environments with a coefficient of 0.905, team leadership ability in virtual environments with a coefficient of 0.879, performance management and coaching in virtual environments with a coefficient of 0.877, and knowledge of educational leadership in virtual environments with a coefficient of 0.805 are prioritized from first to fourth, respectively. Conclusion: The findings underscore the significance of adaptability, digital proficiency, and effective communication as pivotal traits for successful virtual leaders. Notably, the study also sheds light on the potential for gender to influence leadership effectiveness in virtual environments, with female leaders possibly having an edge in fostering collaboration and inclusivity.

Introduction: Psychologists and counselors need Psychological Capital and Sense of Coherence to effectively engage in their professional roles in prevention and intervention. So the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of psychological capital and sense of coherence in the work engagement of Iranian psychologists and counselors.Materials and Methods: Using a web-based sampling method, 1156 psychologists and counselors from different regions of Iran were selected in 2021 and completed the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES; Schaufeli & Bakker, 2003), the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ:Luthans, 2002), and the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC:Flensborg-Madsen, 2017). SPSS26 was used to analyze the data using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression.Findings: The results indicated a positive and significant relationship between the components of psychological capital (self-efficacy, resilience, hope, and optimism) and the feeling of psychological cohesion with job desire. (P<0.001). The regression analysis also showed that self-efficacy, optimism, and hope could predict the participants' work engagement (P<0.001).However, resilience and a sense of psychological cohesion could not predict work engagement (P<0.05).Discussion The findings highlighted the role of psychological capital and a sense of coherence in the work engagement of Iranian psychologists and counselors and its place supports them in preventive and intervention activitiesConclusion: Based on the results of the current research, psychological capital and Sense of Coherence are important and influential variables on work engagement among mental health professionals, and it is suggested to pay more attention to these variables in the empowerment programs of mental health professionals