درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This research provides a comprehensive exploration of ecosophy as a modern interdisciplinary concept in architecture, integrating ecological philosophy and psychology. The research problem focuses on examining how ecosophical principles can be effectively implemented in architectural design by emphasizing the interaction between humans and the environment. The central question is how ecosophy can transition from theoretical discourse to practical application in contemporary architecture. The study employs a descriptive-analytical method, utilizing both inductive and deductive reasoning. Key ecosophical attributes are identified through a literature review and the analysis of case studies that exemplify ecological, psychological, and socio-environmental harmony. The findings highlight the integration of cultural, psychological, and ecological elements in architectural design to enhance human-environment interactions. Furthermore, the research underscores the importance of incorporating natural elements such as daylight, greenery, and sustainable materials to promote physical and mental well-being. The study advocates for design strategies that align with ecological sustainability while respecting cultural and social contexts. By aligning ecosophical architecture with sustainability, environmental consciousness, and human well-being, this research moves beyond conventional functionalist approaches, positioning architecture as a medium for fostering meaningful and harmonious relationships between humans and nature. Ultimately, ecosophy offers innovative solutions in architecture that address contemporary environmental crises while enhancing spatial experience and ecological balance.

This study presents the analysis of nineteen glass samples from Jorjan (northeastern Iran), dating to the Early Islamic period, using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) as a first approach. While LIBS allowed rapid screening of elemental patterns, its quantification is not yet fully mastered; therefore, complementary SEM–EDXS analyses were performed for comparative purposes and validation of the results. Both methods consistently show strong calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) with variable sodium (Na), indicating the dominance of plant-ash flux technology and aligning with the well-known transition from natron to plant ash in the 8th–9th centuries CE. Variability in Na (and minor Al) intensities points to multi-source raw materials and highlights Jorjan’s role in regional production and exchange along the Silk Road. We also provide an integrated spectral comparison, group the assemblage by Na and Ca peak strengths, and discuss the analytical and heritage-conservation advantages of LIBS—when supported by SEM–EDXS—for the study of archaeological glass.

After Arab invasions and territorial expansion in Sassanian-era Iran, Iranians resisted Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs due to bias and discrimination. Uprisings against biased Arab rulers reduced their control over the Islamic Caliphate's eastern borders, paving the way for local government formation and independence. The Abbasid caliphate, facing challenges in the west and engaging with the Byzantine Empire, was alarmed by emerging local governments like the Tahirids, Saffarids, and Samanids. To maintain influence, the Abbasid caliphate considered granting conditional independence to these regions. The Ghaznavid rulers, originally prominent commanders in the Abbasid army, grew and trained within its military structure. Supported by the people and their soldiers, they pursued independence, breaking allegiance to Baghdad and establishing their government. Initially part of the Abbasid army, these rulers, including Ghaznavid emirs, moved eastward due to conflicting interests with the Baghdad caliphate. There, they formed semi-independent structures to maintain influence.In the eastern borders, where political systems like the Ghaznavids relied on military power, the army (Sepah) and militarism played a crucial role in historical research. The central question explores how the military system and militarism in local governments, such as the Ghaznavids, contributed to their formation, development, and expansion during the early Islamic centuries. Research reveals the Ghaznavid government's military system and militarism were modeled after predecessors like the Abbasids, Umayyads, and Sassanians. Local governments like the Tahirids and Saffarids significantly influenced this evolution. Over time, Ghaznavid rule underwent fundamental changes in the army and militarism, reaching maturity in response to evolving needs.

Safavid and Qajar rulers, following an enduring tradition, inscribed royal decrees on stone monuments concerning issues such as tax exemptions and reductions. These inscriptions served to preserve the king’s direct voice as an authoritative document, aiming to safeguard a just fiscal system, prevent corruption among officials, avert potential uprisings caused by rising taxation, and reinforce the image of a legitimate and benevolent monarchy opposed to innovation and injustice. This study examines the extent to which Safavid decrees retained their authority and effectiveness during the reign of Nāṣer al-Dīn Shāh Qajar, particularly in the context of the interaction between the state and society. The research is based on primary documents and sources, applying a historical-comparative method and content analysis. The findings reveal that Safavid decrees on exemptions and tax reductions, though inscribed as “perpetual,” did not remain effective in practice. With the dynastic shift, and despite the people’s efforts to preserve documents and demand their enforcement, these decrees rarely yielded favorable outcomes, except in cases where the Qajar state itself benefited from their implementation.

With the arrival of Christian Armenians in Isfahan during the reign of Shah Abbas Safavid, churches were built in this city, like the mosques of this period. The structure and decorations of the church building captured the audience's attention. The Armenian churches of Isfahan have large domes with motifs and visual elements. By analyzing them, common signs and symbols can be identified. The primary concern of this research is whether the architectural and visual motifs of the Armenian churches in Isfahan share a common language and convey a unified goal, rooted in the principles of Christian belief. And what are the most important components of their common language, and why were these components used? The need for research is to examine the dimensions of the common language in terms of analyzing the symbols and visual signs in these domes based on the principles of Christianity.The purpose of this research is to examine and identify the common language, the direction of the perceptions, and the kinship of the worshipers. And how to reach this common language requires semiotic analysis. Therefore, the research uses a descriptive-analytical method, and the data collection tool is a library method. And it is discussed based on the semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce. The findings show that the churches have circular domes with skylights. The outer covering of the domes lacks decorative motifs. The visual motifs are engraved on the inside of the building and under the domes. And they all follow the same structure. And they have Christian concepts that form a common language. Including: God, eternity, resurrection, and salvation. The components that have formed the structure and visual motifs of the domes of the Armenian churches of Isfahan have a direct connection with the Holy Bible and faith in God (God the Father)and Jesus Christ (the Son). And they play an important role in the perceptions and identification of the audience.