درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of gender inequality in education on females’ labor force participation in 14 major cities (rapidly urbanizing areas) of Pakistan after taking into account the socio-economic indicators like the marital status of female, the gender of the head of household, physical facilities, the median income of the household, etc. Data were gathered from the Pakistan Social Standard of Living Measurement Survey from 2004-05 to 2011-12. Pseudo Panel technique was applied using cities and females in the age group 15-65 as cohorts. Graphical representation and fixed effect techniques were used for analyzing the issue. On the basis of the results, the study recommends some policies such as education facilities, especially, technical, vocational, and job-oriented education should be provided to the females on an equal basis.  Females should be given equal opportunities as males, there should be laws to eliminate wage differential. Women’s participation in the manufacturing and trade sectors should be encouraged.  Moreover, facilities for married women such as day-care centers should be increased. JEL Classification: I32, I24, J16, Z130, J21

The forward-looking information disclosure presents the information that enables the beneficiaries to evaluate a company's future that might involve financial forecasts and uncertainty. This affects the company's performance and decreases the stock return volatility. The present research aims at integrated modeling of the causes and consequences of forward-looking information disclosure. This study is an applied descriptive correlational research. The sample included 93 companies listed on the Tehran stock exchange from 2013 to 2019. The impact of all the causes of forward-looking information disclosure and its consequences was extracted by applying the structural equation modeling method. The consequences include capital cost and informational asymmetry, and the causes of forward-looking information disclosure include macroeconomic features, financial performance, ownership structure, board characteristics, structural properties, and audit. In short, according to the obtained results, the forward-looking information disclosure significantly positively affects the capital cost. On the contrary, it has no significant influence on informational asymmetry. Further, the results of testing the model revealed that the variables of ownership structure and financial performance positively influence forward-looking information disclosure. In addition, the impact of macroeconomic characteristics is negative, and there is no relationship between the forward-looking information disclosure with the audit, structural features, and the board's characteristics