درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Various hazards exist in the upstream oil and gas industry. Therefore, the contracting parties of any petroleum contract always try to reduce the inevitable economic burdens of occurring adverse events arising out of risks in the course of petroleum operation by applying legal approaches such as contractual risk allocation provisions, which can be realized by drafting efficient insurance and indemnity clauses as the subset of risk allocation provisions. Hence, this study addressed the main research question of “What are the necessary parameters for drafting the insurance and indemnity clauses in the main types of upstream petroleum contracts?” To achieve this end, the mentioned clauses stipulated in the main types of upstream petroleum contracts, have been examined; including concessions, production sharing, and service contracts of 15 different countries around the world besides the comparative analysis with the new model of Iranian Petroleum Contract (IPC). Eventually, the hypothesis of this study stating “There should be several parameters such as liability towards risks, limitation of liability, exclusions/exemptions, etc. for drafting the insurance and indemnity clauses in these contracts” verified. That is the result and the answer to the research question. Moreover, the comparative analysis of the extracted set of parameters needed to draft these clauses legally, with the related ones in IPC has been done. Therefore, it led to the detection of the existing contractual shortcomings. Thereafter, the necessary suggestions to resolve them are offered, which can enhance the effectiveness of the upstream petroleum contracts and avoids potential litigation in this regard.

Information and communication technology (ICT) has been rapidly developed in the last two decades and has directly or indirectly affected most areas of human life, including health, which is also referred to as e-health. On the other hand, in the past three decades, most countries in the world have experienced rapid growth in health expenditures, as health expenditures have become one of the most important items of household expenditure. Besides, in developing countries, including Iran, the main financial burden of using health goods and services is borne by households. Reducing the financial burden of health services on households has been one of the long-standing goals of policymakers. It seems that using the ICT capabilities in the form of e-health can be one of the effective solutions in this regard. The present study seeks to investigate this issue. For model estimation, the panel data method and the GLS model in the form of provincial data were applied. The results imply that besides other factors affecting the household health expenditures (such as income, education level, insurance coverage level, etc.), the development of ICT managed to have a significant effect on reducing the health expenditures. It seems developing ICT infrastructure, expanding its penetration rate and developing its applications in the form of e-health can be considered as a proper strategy in the field of health care.

The innovation ecosystem plays a valuable role in the development of innovation and entrepreneurship. The emergence of an innovation-based economy requires the development of an innovation ecosystem in the context of the region. In most countries, especially less developed countries, the ecosystem is not properly formed and the first step to its formation is the theoretical and experimental knowledge of this area. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the dimensions and components of the innovation ecosystem. We applied bibliometric method, citation analysis, applied evaluation techniques and content analysis of documents in this research. The purpose of this research is to review studies in this field and to present a conceptual and integrated model using content analysis of documents by organizing previous research. The statistical population of this research includes all the documents presented in the Web of Science database with 438 documents related to the innovation ecosystem until 2020 and has been evaluated and illustrated using VOS viewer software. Based on the content analysis of the documents, research on the "innovation ecosystem" is divided into five sections. The first part of the research is related to the structural factors. The second part is related to the type of the relationships and interactions, and the third part is related to the results. The fourth part is about the actors and the fifth part is about how they have performed. Finally, the conceptual framework of the research is presented based on the content analysis of the documents