درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The present study investigated the effect of imposing international financial sanctions on international risk sharing in developing countries during 2011-2022 using the propensity score matching (PSM) approach. International risk sharing refers to the processes in which countries with different income prospects share the risk of income fluctuations with one another by conducting commercial and financial transactions internationally. Therefore, their income and consumption no longer depend solely on domestic production, but also depend on the production of other countries (countries that own their assets). Since, international capital flows are the main tools for international risk sharing. Imposing international financial sanctions on a country reduces international capital flows and therefore reduces international risk sharing in that country. As the results showed, the impact of financial sanctions on international risk sharing has been negative and significant because the measure of the international risk sharing index in countries that were not subject to sanctions (control group) was 0.5877 and in countries that were subject to sanctions (treatment group) was 0.2431. Therefore, imposing international financial sanctions has reduced risk sharing in developing countries.

This study aimed to investigate the performance of diverse stock market indices on the Tehran Stock Exchange during two distinct phases: a boom from September 2022 to December 2022 and a recession from December 2022 to September 2022 in the foreign exchange market. The results of this study diverged from the anticipated outcomes and show that by using dynamic conditional beta and conditional Treynor ratio during the period of exchange rate boom, export-oriented companies such as metals and chemicals in the Tehran Stock Exchange did not perform better than non-export-oriented companies such as Insurance and medicine. While it is always believed that export-oriented firms outperform the others when the Rial depreciates.

Environment quality and its determinants are one of the main challenges of the present and future of humanity and sustainable development is interpreted in the direction of preserving and improving the environment. In recent years, many studies have been conducted on the factors affecting environmental quality. One of the main topics that have been less considered in the related studies is the impact of governance on the quality of the environment. In this study, the impact of good governance components, including economic freedom, trade freedom, and political freedom, on the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) and its sub-indices including environmental health, ecosystem vitality, and climate change is investigated. The data required for statistical analysis are related to Middle East and North Africa region countries and Turkiye (MENAT) during 2000-2021. The panel data method was used to estimate the model and examine the relationship between the variables. The findings show that there is a positive and significant relationship between economic freedom and political freedom with the environmental performance index (EPI), and there is no significant relationship between trade freedom and EPI. </span>In addition, the study found that economic freedom had a detrimental effect on ecosystem vitality and climate change, leading to negative impacts in these areas. However, it had a positive impact on environmental health, indicating that it contributed positively to this aspect. On the other hand, political freedom was observed to have a positive effect on the vitality of the ecosystem and climate change. However, it did not have a significant impact on the overall health of the environment, suggesting that its influence was more prominent in specific areas related to ecosystem vitality and climate change. <span style="layout-grid-mode: line;" data-mce-fragment="1">The result of this research showed that economic freedom has led to more investment in the oil and gas sector of MENA countries, and therefore wastewater and gas emissions have had a negative impact on the vitality of the environment and climate change, but with the increase in production and sales of oil and Gas, per capita income of countries has increased, and environmental health has improved. Also, considering that political freedom among the MENA region has a lot of diversity, the results showed that the countries with more political freedom, through greater awareness of the society and more accountability of the governments and the establishment of environmental protection laws, had a positive impact on the environment. Of course, the environmental health index is more influenced by the economic situation and per capita production of countries and political freedom has little effect on it.