درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Host countries invite international oil companies (IOCs) to conduct petroleum operations because the industry is naturally high cost, high risk and long term. Most governments don’t wish to risk its own capital and are better off avoiding the significant costs, risks and uncertainties associated with petroleum operations. In business relationships in the oil industry, IOCs enjoy high degree of technologies, skills and enough capitals often not available to the host countries and they are better poisoned to implement operations and take the risks if their policies are great achieved. IOCs follow their own policies and seek to obtain the most commercial and legal advantages such as reserve booking, high percentage of rate of return, assignment of their contractual rights and obligations, independent governing laws and dispute settlement and good governance on the project structure. The main objective of this article is to enumerate the key golden rules which IOCs are looking for in their business with the host countries or the NOCs and we are going to figure out to what extent IOC’s rules are satisfied in Iran's service contracts (buy-back and IPC). According to our findings, although new Iran’s Petroleum Contract so-called IPC improves the buy-back’s terms and structure, for example, the remuneration for production is now on a per barrel basis, there are numerous weaknesses and other features that put IPC and buy-backs, as the risk service contracts, into the last IOC’s preference among other contractual regimes in the world.

Burundi, like other countries, invests in agricultural research and development. The adoption of the most productive varieties is one of the ways of increasing agricultural yields. Rice, because of its high productivity, is among the cereals which occupy an important place in the food security strategy in Burundi. This study aims to identify the effect of the adoption of this variety on the productivity of rice farmers. Using random sampling technique was used to select the respondents to fill the questionnaires, data were collected from 524 rice farmers spread across the five villages, namely Buringa, Murira, Nyeshanga, Ninga and Bwiza of the Gihanga commune in Bubanza, Burundi. The analysis of the determinants and the quasi-experimental method based on propensity score matching was used in the estimation of the results of the effect of adoption of the rutete variety on the productivity of rice farmers and estimate the results. The study found that the average rice yields for adopted and non-adopted farmers were respectively 9754 and 9912 kg/ha. Also, if non-adopting farmers decide to adopt the variety, their counterfactual rice yield would be 7931 kg/ha for adopters and for non-adopters reached 7927 kg/ha. The average effect of the treatment on the rice yield of the adopters was 1823 kg/ha and significant (p<0.01). The decision to adopt for non-adopting rice farmers could increase the average yield by 1984 kg/ha. The results imply the positive role of the adoption of the rutete rice variety on the performance of rice farmers in Gihanga. It is recommended that the government and research institutions involved in the agricultural sustainable development support rice farmers by increasing agricultural research innovation with the aim of increasing the yield of crops.

Objective: Due to the importance of the relationship between the state and the university, which indicates the governance model of the university, this paper first determined the characteristics of the different models of university governance and then examined and identified the models of governance of Iranian universities during six development plans. We considered three governance models (state-centered model, Humboldt model, market-oriented model). Methods: Quantitative content analysis was used in order to evaluate the six development plans of Iran regarding different governance model. Results: The results show that the most frequencies for state-centered model presented in the first Development Plan and the most emphasis of Humboldt model was on the fifth Plan. The component frequency of the market-oriented or entrepreneurial governance dimensions in the Iranian development plans indicates that this model was considered for the first time in the third plan and the emphasis on this model in the development plans shows an increasing trend. Conclusions: The estimation of the weighting indicators showed that the emphasis of the development plans on turning to the market-oriented or entrepreneurial model in decision making is increasing, so we suggest that more researcher in their study consider transition toward third-generation universities in Iran as a developing country.