درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This paper examines Julian Barnes’s Flaubert’s Parrot by the five semiotic codes of the French literary critic Roland Barthes introduced in his renowned work S/Z, to show that the novel is a ‘writerly’ rather than a ‘readerly’ text. The paper defines what Barthes means by the text of the writerly and then attempts to see if the selected novel yields to this sort of interpretation. Since the novel has been categorized as both modernist and postmodernist by prominent literary critics, it can be a proper case to be examined as a writerly text. The paper shows that the codes of semantic, symbolic and cultural which produce the writerly text are at work in this novel whereas the codes of the hermeneutic and proairetic which are concerned with the conventional realist novels are marginalized or even absent. The article examines the writerly text makers of the author role, the theme of biography, the notion of literary criticism and the narration of the novel, referring to the codes creating the writerly text. The paper finally concludes that the semiotic sophistication and innovations in the narrative act of the novel stem from the categories discussed in the essay, ending in the construction of a highly sophisticated writerly text.

В статье анализируется взгляд Серебряного века на феномен русской классики – в сопоставлении с оценками предшествующей критики, с ее народолюбием, общественным пафосом и реализмом как главной ценностью. Показывается, что сами выделенные особенности русской классики как завершенного этапа русской культуры не разделяют представителей двух враждующих лагерей. Важнейшие общие мотивы таковы: влияние русской литературы на европейскую; стремление литературы за свои рамки – в жизнь, в нравственную проповедь; литература как отражение народной души; связь с христианским идеалом народа; драматизм положения русского писателя; недостаточное внимание к эстетике. В статье показывается, как эти тезисы в разных контекстах осмысления наполняются различным содержанием (например, в полемике Д.С. Мережковского и Н.М. Михайловского или Д.С. Мережковского и А.М. Скабичевского). Выявляется, что различия определяются радикальным противостоянием атеистического и религииозного подхода к литературе Золотого века.

Abstract According to the importance of cooperative learning based on constructivism in better learning of the material, which has been demonstrated in many types of research, these techniques make students exchange information and opinions, help each other and get help. Cooperative learning and the conduction of constructivism in learning, increase group cohesion and enable students to interact with others and examine learning from all aspects. To conduct this research, 30 senior students with the age range of 16 to 18 and based on the English level proficiency test to ensure the same language level of them, were selected. Then the target students were divided into two experimental and control groups and the pre-test was taken from them. After grouping, English language teaching was done to the students of the experimental group based on constructivism and cooperative learning, and after a certain period (five weeks), a post-test was taken from them, and Stephen's cooperative learning questionnaire (2007) was given to the students, and then the data was collected and analyzed and T-Test, ANOVA, paired sample test were conducted. The most important findings, in the present research in the first stage, were the impact of constructivism and cooperative learning on English learning of the students who were trained and achieved the most effective cooperative learning techniques, and in the second stage recognized that students use the technique of group dynamics and then feedback and doing project work respectively based on Stephen's cooperative learning questionnaire (2007).