درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

City is the most complicated and tangible creature of man. There is a critical mutual communication between human and city; and the effect of one’ living environment is beyond question. Graffiti is a new urban phenomenon, which has drawn attention in light of its connection with protestation culture and street art. Thanks to symbolism of graffiti, the artists have added mysterious aspects to their work and distinguished themselves from formal culture. Social protestation is the most notable feature of the graffiti found in Iranian cities. However, to the best of our knowledge, there has been no notable research work in Iran on the relationship of human, society, and existence from of graffiti symbolism viewpoint in particular. The present study is an attempt to survey and evaluate common symbols used on urban graffiti through documentary research. Technique and content analysis in stratified semiology based on Iranian-Islamic culture were taken into account.

The dominant policy decision emphasis on urbanisation problem in developing countries is its rate of growth, ignoring the level of provision of resources, including the infrastructure, to match this growth. It is against this background that the paper undertook a broad analysis of the state of infrastructure in developing countries using such indices as access and quality of water supply, sanitation and solid waste management, to explore how their provision and improvements over time could gradually match the rate of urbanisation. Extensive literature review was adopted for data collection in articles and journals which were analysized using content analysis technique. There is significant proportion of population using unimproved drinking water sources (42%), unimproved sanitation facilities (50%) and without access to designated waste disposal sites (44%). Water, sanitation and hygiene are key to improving health and development. Providing sustainable access to these infrastructures is the most important things that can be done to reduce disease and improve human development.

Organization of living environment is possible through a clear definition of private and public arenas and determination of a spatial hierarchy. Such defined arenas increase the sense of belonging to the environment which personalizes residential environments. Enclosure is among the quantities that play a significant role in defining the spaces. In fact, enclosure is the factor that defines a space as a ground for occurrence of other events. Enclosure is an individual subjective ground to define the space and the primary factor in conversion of space into place. One of the basic functions of a house is to determine a territory. This paper considers the concept of territory as an effective factor on the quality of the relationship between the human and his residential environment and investigates the effect of enclosure on this territory. Two residential areas including a part of Haft-Hoz neighborhood and Shahrak-e Gharb (West Town) were selected as the sample of the test. The effects of enclosure factor on the concept of territory were analyzed in common residential complexes. A qualitative research method was applied and questionnaire was used as the scientific method. According to the belief that the relationship between human and the environment depends on many different factors, this paper investigates and analyzes the concept of territory and spatial enclosure as one of the effective factors on the quality of the relationship between human and residential environment in the mentioned neighborhoods.

The question from the mission of architecture and its relationship with human as the artist or the audience, without addressing to the reality issue and the manner of cognition is not possible. As a human phenomenon, architecture is a product of human awareness on various aspects such as scientific, engineering, and artistic aspects. Therefore, clarifying the nature and the manner of awareness, cognition and the methods and tools, can contribute to understand the art work. In continue the manner of advent and perception of wisdom in the Islamic architectural work would be analyzed. The research method is logical reasoning. Therefore, initially the Islamic worldview is posed based on the transcendental philosophy as the last and most important and major Islamic philosophy evolution, this approach is a strong system with logical method and has a strong theoretical transparency in order to understand the definition of components such as ontology, anthropology, epistemology and cosmology. After explaining principles of mental structures according to proposed Islamic worldview, the manner of emergence of the architectural work by creator of the work and how it is perceived by the audience and the work relationship with reality, based on the quad and quintet causes, ultimate and in instance, nominative, substantial, formal which have been considered in the formal position of discussion. The manner of Islamic architecture as nominative cause and the advent of thought and imagination, as the ultimate and in instance cause and actuality of the mass and the space, as substantial causes in the form of the face of place as formal cause is the purpose of this research. The manner of creation and perception of the work and the manner of presence and the advent of reality in architecture are exامینed by determining nature and the manner of emotions, perceptions and cognition. The most important result of this study is to address the main mission of architecture as the creator of the cognition factor.

A house, as a primary dwelling is designed according to life style and current values in the life and mind of Residents. House is a cultural element, containing cultural meanings situated in the spirit of a house, distinguish the form of other houses. Special life style and conduct of residents becomes value through time. This value organizes the meaning in the mind and determines meaning of life and appropriate physical space. In this paper, we have tried to study theories of a philosopher concerning meaning issue and meaning ontology, and meaning of life, and then, present components to evaluation the meaning in historical houses of Mazandaran. Indexes and questionnaire were used through the components. Six historical houses were selected to evaluate, filled by ten specialists for each house. This paper describes the theoretical framework by qualitative research approach and analysis method. It assesses qualitative components to quantitative components, based on the evidences and documents. Then, it provides reliable criteria. Research achievement presents the solution to design temporary houses based on linkage of meaning and form.