درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The progression of culture and literature in the three subsequent eras of Modernism, Postmodernism and Post Postmodernism since the late-20th-century can be considered as one of the vivid factors that has led to the chain of transformation of man. In Modernism, the superiority of authentic and governmental power over people was dominant and later in the era of Postmodernism or the late capitalism, the notion of fragmentation controlled the life of the people; but in the third one, Post Postmodernism, a freshgenus of humanism was introduced by innovative authors such as David Foster Wallace who, in his philosophy of writing, illustrates not only the pain and limitations of man but also the healing instruments. Philosophically speaking, through the critical gates of Wallace’s philosophy, the subjectivity of man is given a niche, and thanks to the opportunity he has gained in the social networks, he could have made it possible to create a type of sharing and mutual communication amongst the fragmented individuals. That is to say, all alienated and limited individuals can have the role of active agents, communicators, and producers instead of being passive watchers, readers, and one-way communicators organized by the structures of the past eras. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate David Foster Wallace’s (1962-2008) trilogy—The Broom of the System (1987), Infinite Jest (1996), and The Pale King (2011)—according to his philosophy of Post postmodernism.

Naming, like any other act, is performed in a certain social and cultural context and is affected by these components. Therefore, naming can be regarded as a meaningful act, a cultural act, and thus a social factor. The present study is content-based analysis, and on the based on Saussure's theory (1986), its purpose is to investigate the effect of linguistic, cultural, and social factors in naming commercial centers of Ardabil and Tehran. For this purpose, from 8000 shopping centers in District 10 of Tehran and Ardebil, 368 commercial centers were randomly selected as probabilistic errors based on Morgan's table. The instrument of measurement in this research is a researcher-made questionnaire which consists of three sections: linguistic, cultural and social factors. To test the Null- hypotheses, independent t-test and the Friedman test were used. All statistical analysis were analyzed using SPSS20 and at a significant level less than 0.05. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the role of linguistic, cultural and social indicators in naming commercial centers in Ardebil and Tehran cities (p = 0.001). Finally, it has been shown that the social index has the greatest impact, and the language index has the least impact on the naming of business centers.

Dans cet article, on étudiera le modèle du récit de l'épreuve d’Abraham. Ce modèle bénéficie d'un genre de récit qui crée une sorte de conscience et cette dernière va créer à son tour une autre narration. On aperçoit cette continuité de création dans La Crainte et tremblement et dans Hamoun. Le premier est un essai du philosophe danois Søren Kierkegaard, écrit 1843, qui met en scène l’opposition entre l’éthique et la foi. L’éthique se rapportant au général, la foi joue par contre au niveau personnel. Ainsi Kierkegaard raconte les hésitations d’Abraham qui, accompagné de son fils, avançait vers Morija où il devait tuer Isaac selon l’ordre divin. Les parties suivantes s’occupent de ce même thème mais abordent une aventure différente qui est plus personnelle. En ce qui concerne Hamoun, il s’agit d’une œuvre cinématographique projetée 1989 dans lequel le personnage principal, Hamid Hamoun, s’occupe de la rédaction d’une thèse intitulé « L’Amour et la foi dans les religions abrahamiques ». En fait, son but consiste à connaître l’essence de la foi et de l’amour à travers le récit d’Abraham mais n’ayant pas abouti à une conclusion précise, sa vie personnelle avec sa femme qu’il aime follement confronte avec des problèmes sérieux. Aussi peut-on observer la trace du contenu de ce récit chez les poètes iraniens comme Mowlana, Hafez, Khayyâm etc. En fait, les œuvres de ces derniers contiennent une sorte d'éloge pour ce grand prophète. Cette dernière résulte de la conscience humaine qui est entremêlée du doute. En fait, pour l’homme ordinaire, l’épreuve prophétique se transforme en décisions pour les coïncidences quotidiennes qui nous informent du conflit entre l’homme et ses choix. Il s’agit d’une vérité qui met en relief le besoin de l’homme d’une certitude profonde. En étudiant les mises en scène de Hamoun et la dialectique lyrique de Søren Kierkegaard, on essaiera d’étudier le cycle infini de l’existence des personnages confrontés aux circonstances de la vie et le message des récits basés sur l’histoire de Morija, la montagne désignée par Dieu où Abraham devait sacrifier Isaac. Celle-ci constitue la base des autres récits puisque là, il s’agit de la conscience humaine. Et, chacun en profite selon sa compréhension et puis il essaie d’influencer les autres. A la fin, ce cycle répétitif informe l’homme de cette vérité qu’il lui faut sacrifier ce qu’il possède pour atteindre un Idéal précieux et tout ce qui est sacrifié atteindra une transcendance plus élevée ; qu’il s’agisse de son enfant, de son amour ou de sa vie.

Learner attitudes towards a target language and its speakers as well as the use to which the language is put is fundamental in defining levels of success for the learning of that language. Ghana is dominated by several indigenous local languages. However, the official language as a medium of instruction in schools in Ghana is English language. Notwithstanding the use of English language as both official language and medium of instruction in our schools, disciplines specialize in the study of Ghanaian languages as a programme of study at the tertiary level. The study investigated the attitude that Ghanaian students have towards the study of Ghanaian indigenous languages and the motivational factors for the study of these languages at University of Cape Coast. Using a quantitative approach, the study employed 100 questionnaires which were administered to 50 Ghanaian language students and 50 non-Ghanaian language students in the University of Cape Coast. First, the analysis showed that students have positive attitudes towards the study of Ghanaian indigenous languages. Second, students have instrumental reasons for the study of the language. The findings of the study have implications for theory and policy makers.