درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

With the advent and growth of Islamic banking, various researches have been performed to analyze the performance and mechanisms of regulatory rules of this industry. Due to the special role of banks in the economic systems of countries and the world, significant regulatory and control rules were used. In the meantime, the commitment to implement the rules of the Basel II Capital Accord as the most important international agreement to ensure banking health is of particular importance, and among all the issues raised in this agreement, compliance with the minimum capital adequacy has been considered by many researches. One of the most important questions in this area is whether the Basel method of calculation and the minimum rate (8%) is appropriate for the Islamic banking system? To answer this question, this study has calculated the capital adequacy ratio for Islamic banks of Iran and by modeling its effect on the bank’ profit efficiency, as the most important incentive indicator for banks, has estimated an optimal rate these banks. 

In the developed world, capital markets are mentioned as one of the economic growth resources, and the fair distribution of wealth and also increasing per capita income. By attracting the micro capital of the society, while employ micro capitals in production, also generate income for real and legal shareholders. Another positive effects for this market is the absorption of market liquidity ,which is one of the main reasons for inflation in countries.One of the components that always causes the stock market to fluctuate is the price of oil. In countries such as Iran , which are heavily  dependent on oil revenues.Fluctuation in  oil prices and the stock market are more exposd to government interventions.Accordingly, in present study using the monthly data for the years from 2012 to 2019 with the method of Nonlinear Cointegrating Autoregressive Distributed Lag ,has been tried to test asymmetry in effectiveness.Research results show that fluctuation in oil prices ,exchange rate, money supply and consumer price index fluctuation in oil prices ,exchange rate, money supply and consumer price index can be effective among the channels in the stock market.Also, fluctuation in oil prices and asymmetric exchange rate and consumer price index and money supply are reported symmetrically.

Achieving happiness has been always one of the goals pursued by human societies that has attracted the attention of many policy makers, thinkers and researchers. Meanwhile, the relationship between the oil revenues and happiness in the oil-exporting countries is an important subject that has rarely been noted. Therefore, the purpose of the present paper is to test the Easterlin paradox using resource curse hypothesis and to investigate the threshold effect of oil rent on happiness in OPEC countries in the period 2005-2016. For this purpose, the factors affecting happiness were modeled using dynamic threshold panel model. The estimation results have shown that the Easterlin paradox exists in OPEC countries. In other words, first, the increase in the ratio of oil revenues to GDP has improved happiness in oil-producing countries, and after exceeding the 43% threshold, increasing the ratio of oil revenues to GDP has reduced happiness in these countries.

Although the prevalence of COVID-19 pandemic and the worldwide periodic lockdowns, and travel restrictions have heavily damaged tourism destinations, however some theorists believe that the channels and intensity of adverse effects of COVID-19 are not even in different tourism destinations and it may depend on the tourism form that the destination is endowed with. The purpose of this research is to fulfill a comparative survey between two different tourism destinations that enjoy two different tourism forms, including pleasure tourism (Ganjnameh region) and commercial based tourism (Lalejin region) in Iran and try to explore the different complex aspects of COVID-19 effects on tourism industry and compare sustainability of both tourism forms. In order that, we apply Grounded Theory (GT) model and relay on qualitative data gathered by face-to-face interviews with 40 participants who are engaged in tourism related businesses in sample destinations. In according to the results, this study critically derives 4 different aspects of complexity of the situation arisen from corona virus pandemic on tourism sector in Ganjnameh and Lalejin including: resilience strategies and sustainability, change in tourist behavior, change in the tourism industry, and aggravating factors. In addition, the results showed that changes to tourism as a result of COVID-19 is complex and uneven in two different tourist destinations. Moreover, we realized that the economic statues of Ganjnameh region which is widely depend on pleasure tourism is more vulnerable to unexpected tourism crises compared to the Lalegin region, where the economics of a big bulk of habitants depends on commercial tourisms and handicrafts. Therefore, the commercial based touristic destinations looks more resilient and sustainable in comparison to pleasure tourism formed destinations. This study released valuable information about current statues and future concerns about tourism industry and offers suitable policy implications to cope with COVID-19 effects during and after Corona crisis.