درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Increased government revenues and improved economic efficiency are the main goals of implementing privatization and regime switch in Iran. Information efficiency in the capital market can also be considered as a milestone for increased government revenues and improved economic efficiency. In this study, according to the results of regime switching GARCH models, it is determined that stock returns have had different regimes during the study period (2000-2015). According to the results of the estimation of the three-regime GARCH model, the most important events of the Article 44 of the Constitution in the direction of privatization in Iran's economy and its implementation during the study period have been effective in switching the regimes of the fluctuating process of efficiency. Market risk has also been identified as a factor affecting regime switching in the stock return process, which is due to the behavior of stockholders in low-fluctuation regimes compared to high-fluctuation regimes and liquidity. Also, according to the Kalman filter model, poor performance has been established in Tehran Stock Exchange, which indicates that privatization policy has been effective in improving the efficiency of this marketplace. Using the technique related to the detection of structural failure in the liquidity variable as one of the signs of the stock market depth, the failure of this series was detected by virtue of the implementation of privatization, and it was discovered that privatization increased market liquidity as one of the principles of market development.

Literature sociology is one of the very diverse branches of sociology. Most of the literary collections are a reflection of political and social issues of the poet's community, which in the social and sociological domain, reflects such issues as women, poverty, class distances, corruption, injustice, and in the field of politics, recount issues related to domestic politics, tyranny and colonialism, and in the realm of religion, it is a matter of religious, cultural, religious and identity that can express many facts about its society and illustrate the political and social status of its country during the mentioned period. Sociological analysis is one of the important approaches of literary criticism, because it examines the content of literary works. In this paper, the poems of Jawad Jamil, Iraqi contemporary poet from the perspective of structural and sociological considerations had been studied, while at the same time clarifying the angles of tyranny and self-restraint of Saddam and the Ba'ath Party and the devastation of the Iraqi society, interrelationships between religious and political-social issues were established with the help of Ashura's message. In this research, in order to understand the intellectual form of جوادJamil in his poems in political and social terms, and presenting a clear picture of his thoughts, several important sociological propositions such as lack of freedom, the expression of crimes, torture, execution, idealisation, instilling hope for the future, fighting women, hypocrisy in Iraqi society, inviting people to be patient, inviting people to fight and structural issues such as music, modes of meanings, rhetorical forms, and customs of the blessings, had also been analyzed.

The increasing expansion of international trade, especially after World War II, on the one hand, and the interest of countries with free economic system to liberalize their commercial rules, on the other hand, have made law scholars to find ways to adapt with these changes. The result of this effort is called "International Trade Law." The necessity of economic and commercial cooperation between governments and the necessity of the cooperation of traders at the international arena as well as the uniformity of the laws and regulations governing documentary credits led the International Chamber of Commerce to for the first time introduce and approve this commercial customs and practice as a legal entity in 1933; these regulations were published under the title of Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCPDC) and were made available to traders. These regulations have been adapted to the changing commercial customs in line with the rapid changes in the world economy. The regulations are revised every ten years, and its latest revisions were published in 1993 under the title of the Publication 500. This paper will review the Iranian, US, and international law approaches bank documentary credits in order to explain the nature and legal implications of these international trade mechanisms in the light of the studies conducted, and, ultimately, make a comparison between the three legal sources mentioned.