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Scientific sources demonstrate different attitudes of researchers to cryptocurrencies because they treat them as a category of currency, virtual money, commodity, etc. Accordingly, the relation to the valuation and risk of cryptocurrency as an investment object is different. The purpose of the article is to identify cryptocurrency value formation factors and determine the risks of investing in cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrency is simultaneously considered a currency, an asset with uncertain income, and a specific product, the price of which is determined by the energy costs for mining new cryptocurrency blocks. Thus, the paper examines the risks of investing in cryptocurrency from several positions. First, the study identifies the factors of formation of the value and risk of cryptocurrency as ordinary money based on comparing cryptocurrency with traditional money. Unlike traditional money, cryptocurrency is not tied to the economic performance of a particular country; also, central banks do not control or regulate their mining. Instead, the cryptocurrency emissions depend on the computational capacity of the equipment used for their mining. As a financial asset, cryptocurrency can be a “financial bubble” because their value increasing often exceeds the cost of mining. On the other hand, given the emergence of cryptocurrency as a phenomenon of the information economy, the paper analyses the impact of specific technical features (cryptographic hashing algorithm, the complexity of creating new blocks, the technology of verification of mining operations, etc.) on the risk of investing in cryptocurrency assets.

Résumé— La géocritique de Berthrand Westphal est géocentrée et met l'espace au centre de ses débats. Il souligne l'incomplétude d'un seul regard pour l'appréhension de l'espace et propose une confrontation entre les trois points de vue endogène, allogène et exogène qu'il appelle multifocalisation. Il rejette aussi l'hégémonie de la vue et précise que la perception de l'espace s'opère par un biais polysensoriel. Selon lui quand le point de vue du regardant change, la perception sensorielle change également et pour chaque observateur les sensations qui favorisent le saisissement de l'espace sont différentes. Pour l'étude de Machhad «ville sainte» au travers ses représentations littéraires nous avons adopté la géocritique comme méthode de recherche : trois œuvres ont été sélectionnées selon le principe de multifocalisation : le roman Pāris, Pāris pour le point de vue endogène, le recueil de nouvelles Āqā edjāze mā nabudim pour l'allogène et le récit de voyage Safarnāme-ye Hādji Dāvud Nāser pour l'exogène. Étant donné que le paysage polysensoriel échappe à l'homogénéité, l'objectif principal de cet article est de révéler l’identité dynamique et polyvalent de cette ville.

Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between gender and bilingualism with English learning among 7-11 years old students. Methodology: 261 students (124 girls and 157 boys) were selected through multi-stage sampling method from elementary school. Employing check list the level of English scores was obtained .The children's private speech obtained from listening to them when they were solving a puzzle in group. Findings: An independent t test showed that there was no significant relationship between bilingualism and English scores (p<05/0). Furthermore an ANOVA test indicated that there was a significant relationship between the type of private speech and English scores (p<0/01). A Sheffe post hoc showed that the solving private speech had the significant relationship with high performance in English scores among four types of private speech: Solving speech, Task relevant speech, non- facilitative Coping/ reinforcing speech and task- irrelevant speech. Discussion: considering the nature of the "solving private speech" indicates that this kind of private speech had a more meta-cognitive nature which leads to better cognitive function such as learning English.