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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of problem solving on preschool children 's maladaptive behavior. Methodology: The method of this study was practical and quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of this study was preschool children of Kermanshah kindergartens. Twenty-four of these eligible volunteer children were selected using available sampling method and were assigned to experimental and control groups. Gresham & Elliott (1990) Social Skills Rating Scale was used to collect the data. Pre-test was administered to both groups, then the experimental group received 16 sessions of problem-solving skills training Intervention sessions were held 3 times a week with the presence of a trainer and an assistant for 45 minutes. The control group did not receive targeted intervention. Then, post-test was performed on both groups. After four months, follow-up tests were performed for both groups to evaluate the reliability of the results over time. Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of covariance at the significant level 0.05 and Spss24 software. Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference between preschool children in maladaptive behavior (internal and external behavior) (P<0/01). Conclusion: Maladaptive behavior in preschool age is a normal behavior and a developmental characteristic that many parents consider this behavioral model to be age-appropriate and thus does not form a cycle of maladaptive behaviors in parents and children

La conception classique qui préconise la non-traduction des noms propres est aujourd’hui fortement mise en question. Les études récentes réalisées par les grands traductologues et linguistes démontrent les paradoxes dans les différentes pratiques en ce qui concerne le transfert des noms propres. Dans l’étude présente, nous essayons d’identifier les choix traductifs des noms propres du persan en français dans le Dictionnaire des notions et expressions des sciences islamiques, rédigé en 1996, par le feu Ebrahim Shakourzadeh. L’analyse des traductions de trois grandes sous-catégories des noms propres à savoir les anthroponymes, les toponymes et les pragmonymes du domaine islamique, nous permet, dans un premier temps, de dégager les caractéristiques propres aux stratégies du traducteur partant de la préservation de l’étrangeté et la couleur locale de la langue et culture d’origine pour aller vers les normes de la langue et culture réceptrice. Nous montrons ensuite comment dans le cas des noms propres qui se rattache simplement à un référent extralinguistique, le transfert ne pose pas de problème. Mais là où ils déclenchent en même temps une signification, les problèmes de traduction commencent : certains noms propres déclencheurs de sens doivent être traduits, forcément pris en compte dans le contexte, dans le cas de certains d’autres, généralement à caractère métaphorique, une traduction littérale ne va engendrer que la confusion chez le lecteur français. Il vaudrait mieux que dans ce cas, le traducteur recoure à une combinaison de procédés

This study aimed to determine the relationship between L2 learners' autonomy and their cognitive style focusing on reflectivity. It was conducted with 140 Iranian M.A. EFL learners from Department of English at Islamic Azad University of Najafabad. In order to have a homogeneous sample, the second version of Quick Placement Test (QPT) was administered. Then, 85 lower and 50 higher proficiency students were selected based on the scoring level chart of the QPT. In order to estimate participants' autonomy, the Learner Autonomy Questionnaire was administered. Then, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was used to determine the participants' degree of reflectivity. To answer the research questions descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were employed. The results revealed that, 1) There was a weak positive relationship between low proficiency L2 learners' level of autonomy and their degree of reflectivity, 2) There was a strong positive relationship between high proficiency L2 learners' level of autonomy and their degree of reflectivity. Finally, the implications of the study for EFL teachers, learners and syllabus designers were discussed.

Optimizing the financing of Iran's higher education system faces major challenges such as smallness of the private sector, lack of a competitive market in knowledge production, the state's small role in higher education, and also the absence of new financial instruments in the capital market along with the development of the money market. As a result, the most important financing resources and major clients of academic research projects are state-run organizations, which also raise finance through tuition. Apparently, there are a few reasons why the higher education system should change its financing methods to achieve great goals. These reasons include intensified economic sanctions, declined capacity of the state to finance this sector, decreased power of families and firms to cover educational and research expenses through private budgets, and the necessity of making higher education expenses efficient with respect to the need to train the future workforce. The method of this study is a descriptive-qualitative, which was carried out in two stages of the library and the implementation of the Delphi method by referring to 20 experts. Aiming to introduce new instruments to make banking asset-backed securities (of facilities type) to education and research clients (families and firms), this study seeks to prove the hypothesis that the mortgage-backed securities can be employed to achieve the following goals. The first goal is to grant facilities to the students who are financially unable to pay tuition. This relieves the pressure on the Students Welfare Fund. The second goal is to grant business financing facilities to talented students. Finally, the third goal is to finance the firms that have research needs but are unable to cover the expenses through their revenues. Regarding 17 indicators, the research findings indicate that experts reached a consensus (Kendall's W= 0.702).