درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Nowadays the idea of celebrating colonial fairs, where native peoples of the overseas territories  could perform their ethnic habits in front on an European audience (who besides had payed for it), could seems nasty to us, disgusting or even more a crimen of slavery, but along side the 20s and the 30s of the last century, organised colonial fairs were at its hight to show to metropolitan populations and other Western country audiences, which were the benefits furnised  to the natives by the Metropolitan country, and at the same time, how lucky those  backward  native peoples were, who thanks  to their  white masters, could be taken out from the darkness of the ignorance. This colonial effort, was sometimes carried out in good faith, but others it was no any other  thing but looting, and greediness, a demonstration of racial imperialism and self-sufficiency, whose  actors were (from the top to the bottom) governments officials, white settlers (mainly farmers), religious communities and a wide panoplia of bizarre people, such as  traders, smugglers,  Indiana Jones´ adventures and prodigal  sons. All of them represented a vivid  fresco of Western racial superiority over the colonized local people. In this paper we are going to examinate which was: 1st). the reaction of the  International Community (if any) by the time those  fairs were hold, and which  international institutions ( remarkably the League of the  Nations and the International Labour Organization) could have faced such degrading  spectacle, and hence its legal tools to put an end to it, 2nd.) in a sort of contrafactual exercise, which one could  be the enforceable law today, applicable by the international  bodies, entitled to prosecute such crimes,and which  crimes could  be fitted (or penal types) into such behaviours.

This paper reports on how top EFL students foster oral communication strategies (OCSs) throughout their 4-year English program at the university level. It is a cross-sectional study of 40 EFL learners enrolled in the Department of English, Faculty of Education, Taiz University, Yemen. Data were collected through a questionnaire based on Oxford’s Strategy inventory for language learning (SILL). The findings revealed that the respondents not only used listening and speaking strategies in Oxford’s inventory but also invented some other strategies to cope with their learning environment. It was also found that the more they advance in the EFL program, the more their strategic competence improves. The results confirm previous studies that high-achieving learners employ several OCSs which facilitate their success. These strategies are put forward to low-achieving learners so as to elevate their English learning.

Abstract Purpose: Although, several studies have been conducted on the concept of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and its relationship with health promotion of the administrative system, organizational spirituality as a factor affecting organizational citizenship behavior has been less considered in organization and management literature in recent years. The study aimed to investigate the organizational citizenship behavior by health promotion of the administrative system, "issued by Supreme Leader", considering the mediating role of organizational spirituality to present a desirable pattern. Accordingly, while reviewing the theoretical literature, their respective variables and scale, the overall framework of the study was formed. Methodology: This is an applied study in terms of objective and descriptive-correlational in terms of nature. The statistical population of this study were all staff of state-owned organizations of Kerman province in 2016-17. Sampling was done by two-stage cluster sampling method. Organizational citizenship behavior inventory 0.77 and organizational health 0.73 and organizational spirituality 0.90 were used to collect data. For analyzing the data, descriptive and inferential statistics (correlation test and structural equation modeling) were used and data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. Findings: The results showed that the interpersonal citizenship performance model, job citizenship performance, organizational citizenship performance, and the health promotion of the administrative system, "issued by the Supreme Leader", have a goodness of fit given the mediating role of organizational spirituality. Discussion: One of the areas of management that can have a great deal of spirituality is organizational citizenship behavior management whose purpose is to help change the behavior of individuals in the organization and thereby achieve operational goals in an efficient and fast way.

Purpose: This study presents a model for promoting happiness in high school student. The research method was descriptive-survey in terms of collecting the information. Methodology: The research data are collected by Oxford Hills and Argyle (2002) standard questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire of the factors affecting happiness in different levels distributed among 384faculty members and the students (first grade). The participants were selected based on Krejci and Morgan's table using cluster sampling method. Findings: The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were approved by experts. The results showed that three groups of factors (personal, family and school) affect the happiness of the students. The optimism, feeling meaning in life, having purpose, extraversion, positive attitude and communication with friends (personal factors), the mental health factor (family factor) and happy physical environment and feeling of belonging to the school (school factor) were the effective factors. Discussion: The results of further analysis showed that among these factors, the school factor has less impact on the students’ happiness.

В статье рассматриваются эмоции, репрезентированные через образы персонажей романа М.Ю. Лермонтова «Герой нашего времени». Автор последовательно анализирует элементы текста, в которых эмоции мужских и женских персонажей номинированы, непосредственно выражены и описаны. Количество лексических единиц и элементов текста, участвующих в репрезентации той или иной эмоции, заносится в таблицы. Автором найдена и подробно описана репрезентация следующих эмоций: радость, печаль, удивление, гнев, любопытство, презрение, отвращение, стыд, чувство вины, страх. Автор приходит к выводу, что в романе «Герой нашего времени» создана андроцентричная эмоциональная картина мира. В ней персонажи-мужчины репрезентируют больший спектр эмоций, в большем количестве, используют больше выразительных средств, чем персонажи-женщины. Автор объясняет это тем, что писатель, создавший произведение, как и герои-нарраторы в тексте, является мужчиной. Кроме того, на репрезентацию эмоций влияет форма повествования (дневник Печорина) и культурный контекст.

В данной статье изучаются вопросы фразеологической семантики, отмечается, что процесс категоризации знания происходит не только на основе обобщения существенных признаков объекта, но и включает образно-эмоциональные впечатления, в ходе которых происходит слияние образа и понятия. Процесс формирования образности фразеологической единицы предстает как своеобразная генерирующая познавательная гипотеза, формирующаяся в процессе повседневной деятельности человека в поисках нового смысла и одновременно с этим в поисках вербального означивания собственного или принятого в данном социуме отношения к объекту номинации. Вводя образность в процесс вербализации понятия, субъект номинации стремится расширить объем классификационного ряда, предоставить классификационной системе еще один признак. Следствием такого способа категоризации знания становится соединение номинативной функции с характеризующей в их полисемичном единстве. Автором статьи приводятся примеры, подтверждающие взаимосвязь двух компонентов семантики фразеологической единицы – эмоциональной модальности и образности, которая позволяет фразеологическому знаку дифференцировать свойства предмета из материального или ментального мира, обозначив их отдельной номинативной единицей.