درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Publié en 2015, chez Albin Michel, La Nuit de feu est un roman d’Éric-Emanuel Schmitt, un auteur français, qui raconte un départ vers des lieux désertiques, en Afrique, qui se transforme progressivement en une tentative d’introspection jusqu’à l’instant d’une révélation divine. Le personnage principal, Éric, tente une aventure spirituelle, constituée des phases : la préparation, la mort symbolique et la renaissance. Ce processus est en lien avec les quatre éléments de la nature : l’air, l’eau, la terre et le feu, qui assureront une fonction purificatrice et régénératrice. Les images symboliques et mythiques, riches de significations, abondent implicitement dans ce récit. L’objectif de notre recherche consiste à étudier la transformation d’un voyage ordinaire à un voyage spirituel, le passage du monde terrestre au monde céleste, ainsi qu’à expliquer le sens caché des images qui s’enchaînent implicitement dans le récit. L’utilisation des théories de Mircea Elide, de Simone Vierne, de Gaston Bachelard et de Rudolf Otto nous permettront de les mettre en lumière. Nous constatons là une manifestation de l’art de Schmitt qui réussit à transformer son vécu, en un récit littéraire, poétique. Au terme de notre recherche, nous avons constaté que ce parcours permet à Éric de découvrir des univers inconnus et le fait accéder à une vision différente du monde qui va changer définitivement sa vie. Le désert, à la fois menaçant et prévenant, contribue à des explorations successives, celles de soi et de la transcendance.

The world witnessed a change in the arrangement of international actors after the Second World War and the rise of international organizations in the international landscape. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) was one of these entities, acting as the UN specialized agency in maritime affairs. This study mainly aims at reviewing the regulatory role of the IMO, particularly the Port State Control (PSC) regime, by addressing its concept, as well as the legal basis and the control procedures. This mainly descriptive–inductive study describes and analyzes the legal bases of the PSC. Generally, IMO is identified with two types of functions: legislation and regulation. IMO’s regulatory function is reflected in two main tools, namely, the Audit Scheme of its Member States and Port State Control (PSC). With its supplementary nature, PSC is in fact an efficient maritime system for the safety and protection of the marine environment, encouraging states to watch for the safety of ships other than those flying their flags, especially those visiting their ports. This control system has led to an effective and efficient implementation of IMO rules and regulations.

Minerals in nature are one of the most valuable treasures on the earth, which due to the limitation of these resources on land and its heterogeneous distribution in different countries, has made human beings think about extracting the new resources. The limited mineral resources on land and the heterogeneous distribution of these substances in different countries have made human beings think about extracting and using the resources of other parts of the earth and even other planets. Deep-sea mineral resources can be considered as a reliable alternative to compensate for the limitations of land resources. The developed countries were more concerned with the use of these resources than others because, given the dependence of their economies on third-world mineral resources, the development of offshore resources could mean the liberation of their economies from this dependence. In political and scientific circles, the concept of the common heritage of humanity was gradually introduced, based on which activities related to mining in the deep sea. The method of this research is a descriptive-analytical study using library resources, the study of articles, and a review of environmental treaties and related internet resources. The result of this research shows, that none of these legal systems in the field of responsibility can respond to the challenges independently. This research tries to provide a legal solution by considering the opinions of environmental experts, an executive solution about achieving new financial resources based on combined systems of environmental responsibility.