درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Aurélia ou le rêve et la vie (1855) de Gérard de Nerval est sous l'enseigne d'un mécanisme intelligent. Celui-ci s'incarne à la fois dans la démarche immotivée des visions et le comportement passif du narrateur. Cette double gratuité dont la mise en forme s'attribue une bonne partie des ressources langagières de l'écriture d'Aurélia se remanie, au cours du récit, pour rendre compte des différentes nuances de l'idée nervalienne de « seconde vie ». Nous nous intéressons donc, dans cette étude, aux points du texte où le principe d'acausalité constitue un biais d'interprétation pour le rêve.

Cet article s’est fixé pour but d’examiner le temps sous ses formes imaginaires dans Capitale de la douleur de Paul Éluard ; ce dernier privilégie le concept en lui donnant un rôle primordial et une signification réelle. Les poèmes d’Éluard sont marqués par l’abondance d’images artistiques, de figures de discours et de descriptions de la nature. Passionné par les sujets qui concernent l'Homme, Paul Éluard utilise un langage qui se laisse dominer par l'image et la métaphore; une pratique qui a donné une dimension réelle au concept abstrait du temps. L'abondance de métaphore qui caractérise le style de Paul Éluard témoigne de l'importance du temps dans son imagination. Une étude menée sur quelques parties de l'imagination du poète surréaliste nous permet d’arriver à la conclusion qui suggère deux concepts du temps différents l’un de l’autre apparu dans les ouvrages du poète. Certaines images manifestent une peur universelle du temps qui passe pour permettre au poète d’évoquer l'Homme dans un espace où la notion de temps n’existe pas. Ces images font du temps un élément vivant et dynamique dans l'esprit du poète et cet article tente de répondre à cette question: laquelle des images artistiques illustre la crainte du temps chez Paul Éluard.

The aim of the present study is to show how language and narration function in the selected works by Lydia Davis based on Blanchot’s theory. Lydia Davis is an American writer known for her idiosyncratic and extremely short stories often characterized by clear observations of mostly material and daily events. One aspect that Blanchot points out is the spacing among a literary text. This spacing or distance refers to how a literary text resists interpretation and reaching the singular truth by the reader. The more, the reader attempts to understand the text, the further the meaning slips. As a result, a relation between the text and the reader is created. The present essay shows how Davis experiences death or becoming through her writings. The author shows her sacrifice and becoming the other in her short stories; in Meat, My Husband, Davis becomes no one and every one at the same time; she becomes the wife, the cook, and the meal but she is not any of them as well. In Jack in the Country, Davis reflects the field where no transcendental being is detected. Davis’s stories manifest Blanchot’s theory of language and narration in which the author is engaged with dying process, yet ironically neither he dies nor she is reborn. The aim of the present research is to show how Davis experiences the dying process and becoming the other.

A B S T R A C T Objective: Depressive mood along with boredom and unhappiness is one of the main consequences of addiction treatment and investigating the reduction strategies is of absolute and sheer necessity. The present research aims to investigate the effectiveness of problem solving training program in happiness and coping style of individuals suffering from drug abuse. Methods: Therefore, in a semi-experimental study, the addicted individuals having low rate of happiness (N=36) were selected through random cluster multi-stratified sampling and assigned into the experimental and control groups. Both groups were measured by Oxford Happiness Inventory and Coping Styles Questionnaire and the experimental group underwent problem solving skills training. Results: the results of covariance analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, variance analysis with repeated measure and t-test indicated that, happiness level (Eta square=.24) and coping style (Eta square=.31) of the experimental group has increased and there is between-group difference in three stages of intervention at 99% of significant level. It can also be concluded that, there is significant relationship between rational coping style (.57), detached coping style (.47) and the increase of happiness in subjects. Moreover, there is significant and negative relationship between emotional coping style (-.41), avoidance coping style (-.35) and the decrease of happiness among the subjects. Increased rate of happiness and rational coping skills were observed in the experimental group. The more the individual uses rational and detached styles, the more his/her happiness is and the more s/he uses emotional and avoidance coping styles, the less her/his happiness is.

Objective: This study aimed to model quality of life based on perceived stress and distress tolerance of the elderly in Ilam: The mediating role of hardiness. This applicable study conducted through descriptive-structural equation modeling. Method: The statistical population was elderly people of Ilam city (N=9496) during 2020. The sample size calculated using Power-G software (2007) as 384 cases. The sample selected by aim oriented sampling method based on inclusion criteria in public places of Ilam city. Participants completed the standard questionnaires of the quality of life World Health Organization (1996), Cohen Perceived Stress (1994), Distress Tolerance Scale of Simmons and Gohar (2005), and the Kobasa hardiness Questionnaire (1982). Data analyzed in SPSS25 and Amos -25 software. Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between perceived stress, distress tolerance, and hardiness with the quality of life of the elderly in Ilam city. Similarly, there is a significant relationship between perceived stress and distress tolerance with Hardiness. Conclusion: The results of the structural equation model showed hardiness has a mediating role in the relationship between quality of life with distress tolerance and perceived stress. They have a total, direct, and indirect effect on variables