درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This paper is an attempt to fill the gap in the literature by presenting a language policy formulated according to the idea of constitutional patriotism that overcomes the charge of ineffectiveness. I will argue that the procedural character of constitutional patriotism and its emphasis on the practice of law-making is best suited to allow for a pragmatic answer to the questions of language policy-making in multicultural societies. Unlike the instrumental and intrinsic arguments, the pragmatic approach views language as the matrix of communication where the goal of engaged citizens is mutual understanding. The pragmatic approach is also more effective because unlike the principled approaches, which tend to homogenize the composition of diverse societies, it constrained by (1) values of political culture of the society; (2.a) historical contingencies such as the founding role of national minorities; and (2.b) practical feasibilities such as size, vitality and concentration of linguistic populations. <br />In recent years the normative status of minority rights as a species of human rights has been widely discussed by political theorists. In this context, the issue of minority language rights is one of the most hotly contested topics in the prevailing debate over the claims of culture. Mainstream political theories approach this topic differently, depending on their view of an appropriate model of political association. Liberal egalitarians emphasize the significance of the liberal ideals of neutrality and autonomy in deciding appropriate language policy, while liberal culturalists focus on the constitutive role of language and culture for the individual’s exercise of rights and liberties that translate into a language policy that ranges from recognitions and accommodation to maintenance and protection of group identity and language.

The ultimate goal of monetary policy is to achieve price stability and high output. In this regard, central banks usually change the interest rate, liquidity, and money base in order to apply monetary policies. The John B. Taylor rule is one of the rules known in the transmission of monetary policy.^{^[1]} Based on this rule and given the output gap and inflation gap, the central bank increases or decreases the interest rate. Using library references and theoretical foundations, the current paper employed a descriptive-analytical research method to explain the hypothesis stating, “Taylor rule can be used to redefine an optimal monetary rule in the central bank for the mechanism of the stable monetary policy in the framework of Iranian economy and the Interest-Free Banking Act (approved in 1983) to enforce monetary policy and control inflation.” According to the research results and the fact that Taylor rule was successful in some developed and developing countries, it can be redefined in the framework of the Interest-Free Banking Act of Iran. It can also be used as a highly flexible and appropriate monetary rule and a stable model for the mechanism of monetary policy and inflation control.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of internal and external factors on the ratio of outstanding claims in those banks which are accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, we used the data obtained from 8 banks and credit institution active in the Tehran Stock Exchange and using data regression panel.  The present survey was examined over the period 2011 till 2015. The study includes three external variables (inflation, GDP and interest rates) and two internal variables (rate of return on assets and the size of the bank). The results of the hypothesis study showed that the rate of inflation, GDP and asset returns had significant negative effect on the ratio of outstanding claims. The results also showed a positive significant impact of the interest rates on outstanding claims, but there was no evidence to prove a significant impact of the banks size on outstanding claims.