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In recent years, ecological metaphors have gained popularity in the field of innovation. Such excessive preoccupation of researchers with common ecological metaphors, such as ecosystems, and a lack of due attention to the development of other ecological principles, challenges the systematic conceptual framework of the field. This raises the metaphorical concept of a "boundary object," which could hinder the connection between theoretical discussions on innovation ecosystems and their practical applications and policy development. Therefore, there is a need for an evidence-based approach to define and map the innovation ecosystem metaphorically. The concepts deployed would form a part of the conceptual network of the innovation ecosystem. As part of an effort to implement evidence-based practice in the field of innovation ecosystems, this study employs Scaringella's and Radziwon's (2019) systematic review framework and the comparative-qualitative content analysis method. The analysis is based on a structured matrix that is rooted in metaphor mapping. Upon analyzing the content of the selected articles, the ecological metaphors grounded in innovation ecosystems can be classified into two general categories: metaphors related to actors (species, population, and community) and metaphors related to the environment (landscape, biome, and ecotone). The developed framework serves as a tool for innovation policymakers, enabling them to make informed decisions by gaining a comprehensive understanding of the seven hierarchical metaphorical layers within innovation ecosystems. Consequently, policymakers should not restrict their governance to the suggestions offered by the prevailing literature on ecosystems. Instead, they should also give equal attention to the various dimensions of innovation ecosystems, including actors, the environment, and the relationships between them, from an ecological perspective.

Evidence-based policy-making is a continuous process of collecting valid and ethical information, intelligently analyzing it, and effectively communicating the findings to policymakers at the operational level in a controlled manner. This approach enables policymakers to take a proactive stance toward the consequences of science and technology (S&T) and develop ethical policies to achieve favorable economic and social outcomes in the S&T field. The purpose of this research is to describe how the evidence-based approach contributes to ethical policy-making in science and technology (S&T). To achieve this goal of explaining the evidence-based policy-making approach, the concept of strategic intelligence in policy-making has been utilized to elucidate the theoretical foundations of the research. The ethical components of evidence-based policy-making are then identified from relevant resources and documents through a documentary study. To classify the ethical components of evidence-based policy-making, identify the relationships between them, and formulate the framework for evidence-based ethical policy-making, a thematic analysis method inspired by the 7-step approach of Noblit and Hare (1988) has been used. Based on the results of this research, the steps of evidence-based ethical policy-making include the identification of information sources, the use of analytical tools for strategic intelligence in policy-making, policy intelligence, and ethical policy formulation. Also, in all these steps, policymakers must adhere to ethical principles of politics, which include participation, objectivity, methodicality, and learning.