درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: Considering the role and importance of professional ethics in all organizations, including educational organizations, the purpose of this study was designing a pattern of extra-organizational professional ethics of deputies and heads of education districts. Methodology: The present study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was combined (qualitative and quantitative). The research population in both qualitative and quantitative sections were deputies and heads of education districts of Tehran city in 2018-19 academic years, which The sample size in the qualitative section according to the principle of theoretical saturation was estimated 20 people who were selected by purposive sampling method and the sample size in the quantitative section according to Cochran's formula was estimated 113 people who were selected by cluster random sampling method. The research instruments were semi-structured interview and researcher-made questionnaire whose psychometric properties were confirmed. Data were analyzed by methods of coding and exploratory factor analysis. Findings: The results of the qualitative section showed that extra-organizational professional ethics included 71 indicators in 14 categories of professional, ethical or normative, ethical knowledge, organizational strategies, education, managerial factors, resources, institutionalization, evaluation, staff, organizational culture, structure factors, organizational procedures or regulations and development of individual and organizational professional ethics. Also, the results of the quantitative section showed that extra-organizational professional ethics included 40 items in 9 factors of self-efficacy, scientific responsibility, individual ethics, managerial factors, organizational factors, job ethics, extra-organizational factors, social responsibility and belonging to scientific social, which two factors of self-efficacy and belonging to scientific social were removed from the pattern due to a factor load of less than 0.40. Finally, the pattern of extra-organizational professional ethics of deputies and heads of education districts was designed. Conclusion: According to the designed pattern of extra-organizational professional ethics of the deputies and heads of education districts, to promote the extra-organizational professional ethics in them can be improved the identified categories.

Purpose : Shared leadership is a form of leadership in which all organizational employees have an important role. As a result, the purpose of this research was providing a model for shared leadership in governmental organizations. Methodology : This study was cross-sectional from type of descriptive-analytical. The research population was managers and deputies of governmental organizations of Isfahan city in 2020 year, which according to the Cochran's formula the sample size estimated 214 people who were selected by cluster random sampling method. The research instrument was a 98-item researcher-made questionnaire whose content validity was confirmed by 10 experts after removing 6 items and its reliability was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method 0.97. After data collected by researcher-made questionnaire were analyzed with using exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in SPSS and Smart PLS software. Findings : Findings showed that shared leadership in governmental organizations had eight factors of individual, group, environmental, administrative health, administrative corruption, work ethic, political behavior and Islamic management; So that the factor load of all items and the eight mentioned factors was higher than 0.40, the average variance extracted of the eight factors was higher than 0.50 and the Cronbach's alpha reliability and the combined reliability of the eight factors was higher than 0.80. Also, the model of shared leadership in governmental organizations had a good fit and shared leadership had a direct and significant effect on all eight factors (P<0.05). Conclusion : The results indicated the existence and effective role of eight factors of individual, group, environmental, administrative health, administrative corruption, work ethic, political behavior and Islamic management on shared leadership. Therefore, in order to improve and promote shared leadership in governmental organizations can provide the ground for improving the eight mentioned factors.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare theory of Mind, IQ and attention of normal and hypothyroidism students. Materials & Methods: The research method was causal – comparative. The statistical society of it includes students studying in first-grade section of Saveh city that among them, 346 people were selected using random cluster sampling. In the first stage, 30 students were diagnosed with hypothyroidism by clinical examination and measurement of urinary iodine and 30 people were selected as healthful group (witness). In the second stage, the revised Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and the color-word Stroop test was performed to measure IQ, theory of mind and attention in both hypothyroidism and normal groups. Multivariate variance analysis, the mean and standard deviation were used to test the hypothesis. Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference between theory of mind, the amount of IQ and attention of normal students with hypothyroidism students. The mean verbal and nonverbal and overall IQ of healthy group compared to hypothyroidism group was respectively 21.5 and 25 and 25.5 more .also, the theory of mind and attention in hypothyroidism group was reduced compared to normal group. Theory of mind, attention and IQ of hypothyroidism students was lower than normal students. Conclusion: in addition to intelligence, theory of mind and attention of hypothyroidism students was different from normal students.