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The process of foreign language syntactic development regarding learners’ L1 literacy level is different among adult learners. Many studies have shown that illiterate and low-literate learners follow the same path in the L2 morphosyntax development despite their L1 literacy level. However, little research has been carried out to focus on differences in the new language literacy development among learners with varying first language proficiency. Therefore, the current study was carried out to investigate the differences in learning English adjectival and prepositional phrases among three Kurdish adult groups of literate, low-literate, and illiterate learners in one term. Additionally, it probed the major difficulties they faced through the English phrase acquisition process. Mixed methods were used for data collection including observations of the classes supplemented by audio recording and English phrase tests. Through the application of three tests of recognition, matching, and multiple-choice type, the outcome knowledge of adjectival and prepositional phrases was assessed and compared among groups. The obtained data were analyzed through the Kruskal-Wallis test. Some tangible results were detected from tests that did not ascribe the differences in learning English absolutely to background schooling and literacy. In fact, they showed that there were significant differences among groups in matching and multiple-choice type post-tests, while there were no considerable differences in recognition-type post-test. Furthermore, results also revealed that illiterate and low-literate learners encountered further complicated difficulties and made an unusual combination of pronunciation and grammatical errors in their production.

L’accueil aux œuvres de Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867) en Iran, date de 1956, presque un siècle après leur publication en France. En 1857, Charles Baudelaire publie son œuvre majeure, un recueil de poèmes intitulé Les Fleurs du Mal. La littérature française a exercé une grande influence sur la littérature persane. On pourrait dire que l’arrivée au pouvoir des différents rois et les conditions qui régnaient dans la société iranienne, ont probablement exercé une influence sur la façon dont ces poèmes ont été traduits. Cette approche tente d’être une analyse de l’accueil de l’Iran aux œuvres de Charles Baudelaire. Pour cela, dans la perspective de la théorie de la réception de Hans Robert Jauss, nous examinons les conditions « socio-culturelles » qui régissent la société et leur impact sur la traduction des poèmes de Charles Baudelaire en Iran, et cherchons à dégager les différents horizons d’attente des lecteurs iraniens avant et après la Révolution islamique. Cet article décrit l’œuvre de ce poète français en Iran, et la façon dont elle a été traduite, lue et commentée.

Résumé De tout temps, la connaissance de la grammaire occupe une place primordiale dans l'enseignement/apprentissage des langues étrangères. En effet, il est tout à fait nécessaire de maîtriser la grammaire d'une langue étrangère pour qu'on puisse écouter, lire, parler et écrire convenablement dans cette langue. Bien sûr, il y a beaucoup de facteurs biographiques, situationnels, affectifs et personnels qui interviennent dans ce processus. Un savoir général est donc indispensable au professeur de langue pour comprendre dans quelles conditions telle ou telle technique aide l'apprenant à apprendre la grammaire étrangère. Cette demande de savoir sur le fonctionnement de l'apprentissage est encore plus évidente chez les adultes qui forment la totalité de nos apprenants. Elle parait liée à la formation qu’ils ont reçue sur leur langue maternelle. Le but essentiel de notre étude est d'identifier les facteurs qui influencent l'apprentissage de la grammaire chez les étudiants de la langue et la littérature françaises en troisième année de licence de l'Université de Tabriz. Pour ce faire, nous avons préparé un questionnaire contenant des questions en rapport avec notre domaine d’étude et expliqué aux étudiants le vocabulaire spécialisé utilisé, afin de résoudre l'ambiguïté de la compréhension des questions avant de les présenter. Les questions et leurs réponses incluent les commentaires des élèves concernant le rôle et l'impact des langues déjà apprises par les apprenants, les facteurs environnementaux, les variables émotionnelles et les stratégies cognitives, métacognitives et socio-affectives d’apprentissage sur l'acquisition de la grammaire française.

Le roman Barbe Bleue d'Amélie Nothomb, une sorte de « réécriture littéraire » et un hypertexte du conte de La Barbe bleue de Perrault, dans un nouveau style propre à Nothomb, est l’un des champs d’étude qui reflètent les effets sociaux et géographiques sur la production littéraire. L’objectif principal de cette recherche sera d’analyser, dans une optique interdisciplinaire tout en supposant une nouvelle construction méthodologique, les dimensions sociologiques qui relèvent de la biographie d’Amélie Nothomb, grâce au point de vue de Bourdieu et dans le but de mettre en relief certain « habitus » chez elle : une personnalité féminine fortement construite par une aptitude d’adaptation aux contraintes sociales. Ce qui est aussi bien reflété dans cette œuvre à travers le personnage principal féminin. Nous distinguons aussi les éléments géographiques participant dans la nouvelle création de Barbe Bleue, et leurs rapports avec l’« habitus » « femme puissante » de l’écrivaine. Cette recherche analytique exploratoire suit certaines approches concernant la « géographie littéraire », comme celles de Gaston Bachelard et de Michel Collot, en se basant aussi sur les réflexions sociologiques de Pierre Bourdieu et d’Anthony Giddens. De ce fait, elle met en lumière l’importance de ces facteurs au sein du processus stylistique dans Barbe Bleue qui est d’ailleurs, une sorte de « réécriture au féminin » où Nothomb fait une nouvelle inspiration d’un espace géographique à l’intérieur duquel elle donne son propre regard sur l’histoire et sur le contexte social.

The impact of humor on language acquisition has been documented in scholarly accounts. Hence, this study investigated Iranian pre-service and high-experienced and low-experienced in-service EFL teachers’ beliefs and practices of humor in the classroom. In order to collect data, the researchers adopted four distinct instruments including pedagogical humor questionnaire, semi-structured interview, observation checklist, and field notes. A total of 182 Iranian EFL teachers participated completed the questionnaires, while 10 in-service EFL teachers engaged in semi-structured interviews. Additionally, the second researcher observed 36 classes. The results indicated that both pre-service and in-service EFL teachers believed that humor was effective. Notably, high-experienced in-service EFL teachers displayed more pronounced positive beliefs in humor compared to their pre-service and low-experienced counterparts. The results also disclosed that humor was a routine practice for high-experienced teachers. Based on the findings of the present study, it can be suggested that it is essential to train and educate both pre-service and in-service EFL teachers in order to integrate humor into different EFL classrooms.

This study applied a critical needs analysis approach to investigate investment (language learning commitment) needs and challenges of EFL upper secondary school learners from different socioeconomic backgrounds and school settings (privileged, middle-privileged, and less-privileged schools). To this end, Darvin and Norton`s (2015) model of investment was used as our analytic framework. The study took advantage of a mixed-methods approach. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire with 53 items and one open-ended question was administered to 759 learners from different school settings in Mashhad. Also, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 24 learners for triangulation. The findings of the questionnaire and interviews revealed that speaking accurately, fluently, and professionally was the main priority for learners` investing in EFL learning. However, privileged, middle-privileged, and less-privileged upper secondary school learners perceived their needs differently regarding investment in English language learning. Although no statistically significant difference was observed between privileged, middle-privileged, and less-privileged school learners in terms of identity, they perceived their needs significantly different in terms of ideology and capital.The findings can bring high school learners` investment needs into focus and help the educational setting improve.

Willingness to communicate is subject to the moment-by-moment fluctuations in the classroom. Therefore, teachers’ decisive role comes to the foreground as they can increase learners’ desire to communicate at a particular moment by their interventions. Online instruction, despite furnishing learners with authentic material, has failed to culminate in communication thanks to connection problems or lack of non-verbal clues. Thus, the present study aimed to explore Iranian EFL teachers’ perceptions of strategies to promote willingness to communicate of learners in online classes. The mixed-methods design was employed to answer the research questions. To this end, a self-designed questionnaire was first piloted and then administered to the main sample which included thirty-seven teachers. The questionnaire subsumed five effective factors garnered from extant literature. Five teachers were interviewed as to their perceptions of pros and cons of promoting WTC in online classrooms. The results indicated that teachers’ motivational strategies were perceived to promote WTC best in online classes followed by teacher immediacy. Qualitative reports also corroborated the numerical data. Lack of non-verbal clues i.e. body language was perceived to decrease learners’ motivation and participation; however, technological resources like games were reported to increase WTC in online classes. Teachers should pay heed to their crucial role in inciting positive atmosphere and get better equipped to capitalize on online affordances to increase participation in online classes.

The study of second language learners' engagement with language learning tasks has become an enchanting line of research since several studies in general education and second language literature have proved its significant effects on learners' ultimate educational success. However, there are several niches in the literature which have not been occupied yet. One of these niches, addressed in this study, is the examination of the effect of computer-mediated condition on second language learners' emotional and social engagement with speaking tasks. Using a repeated-measures design, 40 intermediate language learners performed computer-mediated and face-to-face speaking tasks in a counterbalanced fashion. A questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were employed to collect the required data to respond to the questions. The results showed that learners were more emotionally and socially engaged with the computer-mediated speaking tasks. It was also revealed that low-intermediate learners’ use of social engagement indicators was significantly higher in the computer-mediated condition; however, the change in the condition did not significantly affect the quantity of social engagement indicators provided by high-intermediate ones. The findings also indicated that different engagement dimensions are interconnected, and the change in one of them can affect the other ones.  

Many studies on L1 and/or L2 pragmatic competence are constrained by universalist orientations towards sociopragmatics and overlook the idiosyncratic cultural scripts and schemas of underexplored languages and cultures. Particularly neglected is the complicating role of Iranian cultural schema of a (dis-)belief in the evil eye with regards to the speech act of complimenting (and responding to it); actually, the schema is hypothesized (Talebzadeh & Rajabi, in preparation; Younesi & Talebzadeh, 202) to pose intricate interactional challenges for both parties due to the possible interpretations of and (non-)verbal responses to compliments (as predominantly Face-Saving Acts versus potentially Face-Threatening Acts). Moreover, still unknown is the way these could confound EFL learners’ cross-cultural communications. To address these gaps, we present the second phase of a more comprehensive study of compliment response (CR) behaviors of Iranian respondents while checking the adequacy of our proposed model (inspired by Herber’s taxonomy). To qualitatively and quantitatively examine the CRs of fifteen proficient Iranian female learners of English, we initially collected the data using two sets of Discourse Completion Tasks (DCT) (in Persian and English) consisting of a variety of situations and variables (e.g., social distance and compliment topics). Then, follow-up semi-structured interviews were conducted to tap into the participants’ (non-)beliefs in the evil eye and its presupposed effects on their compliment exchanges. The findings underscore the adequacy of our modified model and the particularities of Iranian cultural schemas. Specifically, being a widespread belief, evil-eye is shown to play a pivotal role in formulating the responses to compliments through the selective application of CR types such as Cheshm-Zadan and Taarof in reaction to the compliments given (particularly those on family members or beloved ones) across both languages. The study concludes with a discussion of the findings with reference to the relevant literature and implications for intercultural communication, language education, and sociopragmatic research and practice.

While the main focus of the studies in the literature is centered around EFL teachers’ identity construction in face-to-face classes regarding certain cliche factors, the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the potential of investigating EFL teachers' professional identity reflection in the developing contexts of distance education. Thus, this study examined the possible association between Iranian EFL instructors' Professional Identity Reflection (PIR) and their use of Achievement Orientation Strategies (AOSs) in the dynamic setting of E-teaching. Besides, this study evaluated the prediction power of the AOSs in determining the PIR of Iranian EFL instructors. One hundred four male and female Iranian EFL instructors were selected based on convenience sampling to participate in this quantitative correlational research. Two instruments, including Measure of Teachers Achievement (MoTA) and Questionnaire of Professional Identity (QPI), were used to collect the required data on the online platform of Type form. The R software's correlation and multiple regression packages were utilized to analyze the gathered data. The results indicated a robust direct association between the PIR of Iranian EFL instructors in E-teaching and their use of AOSs. Moreover, three out of four AOSs significantly predicted the PIR of Iranian EFL instructors in E-Teaching. Furthermore, the mastery-approach strategy had the most predicting power among the other AOSs. This study provides practical interdisciplinary benefits for EFL teachers, EFL teacher trainers, and educational psychologists in training EFL teachers who are aware of how their views toward achieving specific academic goals in E-teaching influence their professional identity in E-teaching.