واژگان نظامی نویافته و ناشناخته در آداب الحرب و الشجاعه (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
آداب الحرب و الشجاعه اثری ارزشمند به زبان فارسی با موضوع نظامی و آداب جنگاوری است که در اوایل قرن هفت به نثری ساده و روان به رشته تحریر درآمد. این کتاب هم ازنظر قدمت متن و هم از دید زبان شناسی اعتباری برجسته دارد و کهن ترین متن فارسی شناخته شده در موضوع نامبرده است؛ نیز با توجه به اینکه در شبه قاره هند تألیف شده است، واژه ها و اصطلاحات هندی دارد؛ بنابراین بدیهی است که توجه ویژه به این کتاب ازنظر واژه شناسی و معنی شناسی ضرورتی انکارناپذیر دارد. با مطالعه کتاب با رویکرد واژه شناسی مشخص شد که بسیاری از واژه ها تاکنون ناشناخته باقی مانده و در هیچ منبعی درباره آنها توضیحاتی نیامده است؛ ولی به دلیل گستردگی اصطلاحات ناشناخته این کتاب، ثبت و بررسی همه آنها کاری زمان بر و دشوار است؛ بنابراین در این پژوهش، برخی از واژه های نظامی، استخراج، بررسی، معرفی و تحلیل می شوند. روش کار در مرحله اول، مطالعه آداب الحرب و الشجاعه و استخراج واژه های ناشناخته و ثبت نشده در حوزه مسائل گفته شده است. در مرحله بعد به روش مطالعه کتابخانه ای و جست وجو در پیکره ها و نرم افزارهای گوناگون مرتبط و با ابزار یادداشت برداری، شواهد موجود گردآوری شد. در مرحله نهایی، برخی از واژگان، بررسی و تحلیل شدند که درباره آنها توضیحاتی بیان می شود و هویّت شان آشکار خواهد شد. برخی نیز به دلیل آشکاربودن معانی آنها یا نبود اطلاعات کافی، که بیش از پنجاه واژه است، فقط معرفی شدند. درکل، همه این واژه ها نویافته هستند و تاکنون هیچ یک در فرهنگ لغتی ثبت نشده اند و در اینجا برای نخستین بار معرفی می شوند.New and Unknown Military Words in Adab al-Harb va al-Shaja’ah
Adab al-Harb va al-Shaja’ah , the valuable work of Fakhr Modabber, is the oldest known Persian text on war etiquette. Considering the age of this work and its inclusion of unknown military words and terms, many of which have Indian roots, it is an undeniable necessity to review this book in terms of terminology and semantics. By studying the book with a lexicographical approach, it became clear that many of these words have not been explained in any sources; therefore, in the present study, some newfound military words are extracted, introduced, and analyzed. The first step in our exploration is to study Adab al-Harb and to extract unrecorded words in the field of the mentioned issues. In the next step, by a library study method and searching in various related sources, pieces of evidence if any, were collected. In the final step, some words were analyzed and their identities were revealed, and some due to the obviousness of their meanings or the lack of sufficient information, which includes more than fifty words, were just introduced. In general, all these words are new and none of them have been recorded in a dictionary. The words are introduced here for the first time.
Introduction
Adab al-Harb va al-Shaja’ah, written in the 7th century AH, is one of the most important books related to the etiquette of war. This book has 34 chapters: “but the title of this book does not fit with all of its chapters, and almost half of it is in politics of governance and has no connection with war and war tools” (Afshari, 2018, p. 19).
Adab al-Harb va al-Shaja’ah may be considered the most specialized book in the Persian language on the militarism subject, whose author deals with specific military issues by mentioning numerous historical stories. Considering that this book was written in the Indian subcontinent, it is full of Indian words, most of which are related to the military field; “Mobarakshah’s prose is very fluent and masterful, and his language is full of oriental elements of Iranian dialects, and for this reason, the remaining manuscripts of it, have many scribal errors” (Safa, 1990, p. 1170). Of course, the identity and meaning of many of them remain unknown until now; therefore, the authors have introduced, reviewed, and analyzed some of these words in this study.
Materials and Methods
This study is basic research about the words of Adab al-Harb va al-Shaja’ah . In the first step, many unknown words were extracted by examining and comprehensively studying the text of the book. In the next step, by exploring the sources, it was ensured that these words were not registered. In the next step, evidence and data were collected by a library study and scanning of various Persian texts, and also, using different corpus-oriented software and text-oriented corpora. Based on these findings and with the approach of examining the use of the word in the text and the context of the speech and logical reasoning, the meaning of these words was deduced and analyzed.
Research Findings
Parvin
It is a type of formation of the army against the enemy during war, and its name is derived from the constellation ‘Parvin’.
JeggarAndaz
One of the special military units, who had used a type of weapon called ‘Jeggar’.
Jowaldooz/Nimjovaldooz
‘Jowaldooz’ is a projectile weapon that was used in special Castle wars.
Chakh
It was a type of thick skin that was used to cover the shield and make sheaths for swords and knives and the like.
DahMarde
It is the name of the weapon that was used to open the Castle.
Bahram’s Tailpiece
It is one of the three main methods of holding the Tailpiece of the Bow, which is attributed to Bahram Gur.
Shooshak/Sooshak
The word is a name of a kind of shield, which is made from soft and flexible tree horns.
Caruri
It refers to the name of a kind of Bow, which is attributed to ‘Karur’ (the name of a city near Sindh).
Karveh
It is the name of a tool that was used in special Castle wars.
Gazeh
According to the text of Adab al-Harb va al-Shaja’ah , it can be said that ‘Gazeh’ is the point of connection and locking of the arrow with the arrowhead.
MardGir
It was a spear with a crooked head that was used to grab and pull fighters down from the castle.
Semilunar
It is a type of formation of the army against the enemy during war, which is specific to Iranians and its name is derived from the shape of the new moon.
Unexplained Weapons
A number of words are mentioned in two groups for introduction and registration in dictionaries: a group of words whose meanings are clear from their appearance and name, and another group of words that, unfortunately, despite extensive searching in various sources, no information was found about them.
Conclusion
It can be said that most of the military words and terms of Adab al-Harb va al-Shaja’ah are related to the Indian subcontinent, which, although used in some Persian texts, have remained obsolete and abandoned today. The author is very creative in using these words. Moreover, despite the valuable efforts of Soheili Khansari, the proofreader of Adab al-Harb va al-Shaja’ah , the publication of this book has many errors and its re-correction is clearly necessary.
تبلیغات
