Depression

Objective: This study aimed to find out anxiety and depression among tertiary level students in Bangladesh during COVID-19 outbreak. Method: The online survey design was used in this study. To measure anxiety and depression, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scales were used. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess the impact of several factors on the likelihood that respondents would report that they had a problem with anxiety and depression. Results: The strongest predictor of binary logistic regression of reporting anxiety was gender (OR: 2.848; 95% CI; 1.836-4.417; p < .001) indicating female students had about 2.9 times more likely to report anxiety than male students controlling for all other factors. The duration of using social media (OR: 0.567; 95% CI; 0.329-0.978; p < 0.05) was also affecting the level of anxiety of the students. Depression was getting affected by the present living place (OR: 0.507; 95% CI; 0.316-0.814; p=.005). Conclusion: This study showed that students were having different level of anxiety and depression. Gender, the present living place and the duration of using social media were the significant factors for anxiety disorder. Depression was also getting affected by the present living place and the duration of using social media.

Introduction: The present study was conducted with the aim of examining the effectiveness of Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) on depression of heart disease patients in Tehran city in 2019. Method: The research method was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all heart disease patients in Tehran city, among whom 30 individuals were selected through available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 in each group). The experimental group received Emotionally Focused Therapy training in nine 60-minute sessions, and the control group remained in the waiting list. The research instrument was depression questionnaire (Beck, Steer & Braun,1996) which was conducted in two stages of pretest and posttest. The analysis was performed through SPSS v24 in two descriptive and inferential statistical sections. Results: The results indicated that intervention used in this study could significantly decrease depression in heart disease patients (p˂0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, Emotionally Focused Therapy can be an effective intervention in reducing depression in heart disease patients.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) on the reduction of anxiety, depression, and distress in people with an anxiety disorder. The present study was applied and quasi-experimental in terms of the method (consisting of pre-test, post-test, and control group). The population of this study consisted of people with anxiety disorder referred to Loghman Hospital in Tehran. 20 people who were selected as participants based on the inclusion criteria, were randomly divided into two groups (i.e. REBT and control groups) equally (10 people in each group). Experimental pretest and posttest were performed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) and the participants in the experimental group underwent the experiment for three months (a two-hour session per week). The results were analyzed using analysis of covariance. The results showed that REBT intervention was significantly effective in reducing patients' distress, depression, and anxiety. Thus, REBT can be effective in reducing patients’ psychological problems by helping them recognize their irrational beliefs better and reduce their anxiety (self-blame) and hostility (blaming others and the universe).

People with gender dysphoria experience some mental health problems, such as anxiety and depression. The present study aimed to compare body image and depressive symptoms in people with gender dysphoria and the non-affected. This research was applied in terms of purpose and casual-comparative in terms of methodology. The statistical population of the study included two groups of people with gender dysphoria approved by the Iranian legal medicine organization in 1400 and non-affected people with gender dysphoria. For sampling, 30 people from both groups (15 males and 15 females) were selected by the convenience sampling method. A Multidimensional Body–Self Relations Questionnaire (BSRQ) and The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) were employed to gather research data. Data analysis was performed by Independent Sample T-Test using SPSS-20 software. The findings of the study indicated that the mean scores of body image (P˂0.01) and depressive symptoms (P˂0.05) were significantly different in people with gender dysphoria and the non-affected people. People with gender dysphoria had a more negative body image and more depressive symptoms than non-affected people. 

The present research aims to investigate the effect of massage on fatigue and mood in female rowers. Pre-test and post-test of quasi-experimental design with a control group was used for the experiment. Participants in the study were 30 female rowers from Tehran province who participated voluntarily. The volunteer sample was randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). Pre-test was carried out for both groups. The subjects in the experimental group then participated in 12 massage sessions under the supervision of a massage expert. Meanwhile, both groups also continued their normal rowing exercises. At the end of the intervention, post-test was carried out for both groups. Rating of perceived exertion and fatigue scale (Borg, 1982), mood questionnaire (Vaez Mousavi, 2007), and a researcher-made questionnaire were used to measure variables. Statistical analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to test the hypotheses. The results suggested that perceived intensity and fatigue were significantly reduced in the massage group compared to the control group (P <0.05). Also, anger (P=0.002), confusion (P=0.02), depression (P=0.028), mood fatigue (P=0.015), and stress (P=0.039) significantly decreased in the massage group compared to the control group. Force increased significantly in the massage group compared to the control group (P=0.008). In general, the results showed that 12 massage sessions could be used to decrease fatigue and improve mood in female rowers.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and behavioral activator-inhibitor systems in depression. Methods: The research method was descriptive correlational with 240 female undergraduate and graduate students of Shahrekord University (Western province of Iran) selected through a random sampling method. They answered Beck Depression Inventory, Granovsky’s Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Carver and White’s Brain Systems Scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22.  Results: The mean and standard deviation of each variable were calculated as descriptive statistics, and Pearson correlation was employed to evaluate the relationships of variables. The results showed a significant negative correlation between behavioral activator systems and depression, and a significant positive correlation between behavioral inhibitor systems and depression. In general, the behavioral activator-inhibitor systems predicted 33% of depression variance. In addition, there was a significant positive relationship between maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation and depression and a significant negative relationship between adaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation and depression. Conclusion: The results showed that among the maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, the catastrophic component predicted about 29% of depression variance, and among the adaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, the acceptance component predicted about 39% of depression variance. In general, the results of this study indicated that brain-behavioral systems and emotional cognitive regulation strategies had chief roles in predicting depression. Relying on the findings of this study, we can present a practical framework to explain the symptoms of depression and its treatment.

Superstitious beliefs and practices have a determining role in culture and society in traditional communities and influence their worldview and value system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between superstition tendency and depression and anxiety among college students. The present study was descriptive-correlational. The research population consisted of all students who were studying at the Islamic Azad University of Bandar-e Anzali in the academic year 2021-2022. From this population, 335 people were selected as the sample using the convenience sampling method. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Superstition Tendency questionnaires were administered to them and the questionnaires were analyzed using correlation and regression statistical methods after collection. The Results showed that there was a significant relationship between superstition tendency and depression and anxiety (P <0.001). As a result, it can be said that superstition tendency can predict depression and anxiety in university students.

Coronary heart disease is the most common type of heart disease in which the arteries of the heart become narrow and stiff. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between resilience and depression among patients with cardiovascular disease. This study is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this research includes all cardiovascular patients in East Guilan province in 2018. From the target population, 150 patients were selected using purposeful sampling, and then resilience (CD-RIS) and depression (questionnaires ZSD) were administered on them, and then the data were analyzed using correlation and regression methods. were analyzed multiple times. The findings showed that there is a negative relationship between resilience and depression among patients with cardiovascular disease (P<0.01). Also, resilience negatively and depression positively predicted the severity of heart disease (P<0.01). The results emphasize the need to strengthen resilience in order to reduce depression in cardiovascular patients.

Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses in the world, so it is important to know it as well as possible to design interventions to reduce it in society. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between depression with cognitive fusion and defense mechanisms. This research is descriptive-correlation type. The research population was the students of Kashan University in the academic year of 2023-2024, and 350 of them were selected by convenience sampling method. Research tools included Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ) and Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire-40 (DSQ-40). Data analysis was done using SPSS-26 software and Pearson correlation coefficient. The obtained findings showed that depression is positively correlated with cognitive fusion and immature and neurotic defense mechanisms (P < 0.01). But the relationship between depression and mature defense mechanisms such as humor and sublimation was negative and significant (P < 0.01). These findings show that depression is related to unhealthy thought processes such as cognitive fusion and immature and neurotic defense mechanisms, and therefore attention should be paid to this issue in the field of treatment.

  Subjective : Anxiety is a negative emotional state caused by confronting unfavorable and unmanageable situations. Starting university and facing a new setting often triggers anxiety in students, particularly those who anticipate a demanding work environment. Methods : The study is a descriptive-analytical research conducted in 2023 on the students of Balkh University Faculty of Medicine. A sample size of 120 students was chosen using the basic random sampling approach. Data was collected using Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied for data analysis using SPSS 27. Out of 120 participants, 52 were aged 20-25, 38 were aged 25-30, and 30 were aged 30-35. Out of the respondents, 62 resided in dormitories and the remaining 58 lived in individual residences.  Results : Out of 120 students, 56 had normal anxiety levels, 35 had mild anxiety, 12 had moderate anxiety, 8 had severe anxiety, and 9 had extremely severe anxiety. Conclusion : Therefore, psychologists in student counseling centers should pay attention to reducing the level of anxiety in students and study the reasons for its occurrence.

Adolescent depression is a widespread problem that receives little or no attention. The study looked at depression frequency and coping mechanisms among adolescents enrolled in school in Ilorin city, Kwara state. 400 teenagers were randomly selected from the group. The "Prevalence and Coping Strategies for Depression among In-School Adolescents Questionnaire" was used to gather information from the respondents (PCSDIAQ). The study questions were addressed in percentages, and the hypotheses were examined using the t-test and ANOVA statistical methods at a significance level of 0.05. The study's findings showed that more than 30% of in-school adolescents experience fatigue (59.0%), a preference for solitude (50.3%), a lack of interest in or enjoyment from activities (48.8%), and anger (more than 30%) for a few hours each day move so slowly that others might have seen it (39.5%). It was also found that 42.3% of respondents always play games to distract themselves from problems. In comparison, 44.5% of respondents avoided talking to people about their feelings for a short period of time, criticized themselves (28.8%), isolated themselves (24.5%), avoid social situations until they feel better about themselves (15.8%), constantly blame others (19.0%), and ignore problems (10.0%). According to the study, there were no appreciable differences in the frequency of depression among adolescents enrolled in school in the city of Ilorin depending on age, gender, or marital status. Gender and marital status had no significant impact on the coping mechanisms used by in-school adolescents to deal with their depression, while age had a substantial impact.