Mood

The present study deals with imperative mood in Persian language based on prototype theory which is one of sub-theories of the cognitive linguistics approach. The research hypotheses are based on distinctions between the form and meaning components in the imperative mood and its distribution in the language corpus of contemporary literature. The aim of this paper is to describe and classify the criterion of the imperative mood in different language levels and beyond. According to the cognitive linguistics approach, language is part of a cognitive system and the syntactic structure of a language can't be studied separately, but all influential factors should be considered from different lingual aspects. The data analysis was carried out through descriptive and qualitative methods. It was found that the base of the verb has a high frequency in the corpus, but the form and meaning are different, with the meaning of imperative mood depending on the context. As a result, all language layers, forms and meanings in description and classification of the imperative mood should be taken into account to be analyzed cognitively.

Heart disease is stated as the world's biggest killer. The risk factors of this deadly disease are due to some bad habits such as being overweight, bad eating diet, smoking, assumption of alcohol, etc. Nevertheless, patients can live a healthy lifestyle if they have the proper guidance of persuasive-emotional featured technologies. In line with this, this study focuses on developing an emotional-persuasive habit-change support mobile application called BeHabit to improve heart disease patients’ lifestyles. Persuasive-emotional features are two different features that are integrated with BeHabit to distinguish this application from the existing ones. The proposed system is designed, implemented, tested, and evaluated by 10 users. In conclusion, the users are satisfied to used BeHabit to change their bad habits. Emotional and persuasive features that are integrated into BeHabit are the key to help patients to change their bad habits. BeHabit and the integrated feature can be used as a guideline for healthcare developers and providers for the improvement of mHealth services.

The present research aims to investigate the effect of massage on fatigue and mood in female rowers. Pre-test and post-test of quasi-experimental design with a control group was used for the experiment. Participants in the study were 30 female rowers from Tehran province who participated voluntarily. The volunteer sample was randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). Pre-test was carried out for both groups. The subjects in the experimental group then participated in 12 massage sessions under the supervision of a massage expert. Meanwhile, both groups also continued their normal rowing exercises. At the end of the intervention, post-test was carried out for both groups. Rating of perceived exertion and fatigue scale (Borg, 1982), mood questionnaire (Vaez Mousavi, 2007), and a researcher-made questionnaire were used to measure variables. Statistical analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to test the hypotheses. The results suggested that perceived intensity and fatigue were significantly reduced in the massage group compared to the control group (P <0.05). Also, anger (P=0.002), confusion (P=0.02), depression (P=0.028), mood fatigue (P=0.015), and stress (P=0.039) significantly decreased in the massage group compared to the control group. Force increased significantly in the massage group compared to the control group (P=0.008). In general, the results showed that 12 massage sessions could be used to decrease fatigue and improve mood in female rowers.

Several metabolic changes caused by regular exercise, can lead to adaptive mechanisms in athletes. These changes create a new dynamic balance that ensures better performance. On the other hand, because most studies on changes in the metabolic profile of the blood have been conducted in male athletes, this study investigated the effects of different exercise conditions on reactive oxygen species (ROS), adiponectin, and subjective mood in female athletes. A cohort of 30 females, 20 professional players (10 target shooters and 10 basketball players), and 10 sedentary females as control group were enrolled in the study. Capillary blood samples and the Brunel Mood Scale questionnaire (BRUMS) were collected at noon before the training session. ROS and adiponectin were determined by the ELISA method. To compare among groups, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used at the significance level of P<0.05. Physiological evaluations showed a significant high level of adiponectin in basketball players (p=0.005). The anger subscale in the basketball group had a significant increase compared to other groups (p=0.04). The tension subscale exhibited a higher level in the shooting group than in the control group. (p=0.017). Regarding the vigor subscale, there was no significant difference in experimental groups, and there was a significant difference in the non-athlete group (control) (p=0.001). Basketball, being a team sport, exhibits a greater degree of aggression in contrast to shooting, which is classified as an individual sport. More focus of coaches on adjusting in another sport with non-competitive and non-confrontational features to reduce anger is suggested.

Language, as the main tool of human communication, has diverse structures and features that play an important role in the transmission of meaning and social interactions. One of the important approaches in language analysis is functional grammar or systemic functional grammar, which examines how language functions in different situations. In this framework, grammatical metaphor is considered as one of the key concepts that can play an important role in shaping and representing meanings in different texts. Halliday introduced and distinguished three types of grammatical metaphors, including ideational, interpersonal, and textual metaphors. In this study, the extent and way of using grammatical metaphors in literary and scientific texts in the Azeri language from an interpersonal perspective was investigated. For this purpose, the analytical-descriptive research method was used. In this study, for the scientific genre, the book "Dil and Dilchilik" by Ali Dashkin and for the literary genre, selected articles from the magazine "Anna Varlig" were selected as the data and analyzed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the use of interpersonal grammatical metaphors in the two genres of science and literature. Furthermore, the examination of the components indicated a significant difference in the use of grammatical metaphors of mode and modality between the two genres; so that modality was used significantly more in science texts than in literary texts, and mode was used more in literary texts than in science texts.