مطالب

In this article, the ideas of some prominent Iranian and Western scholars about metaphor are analyzed comparatively. In addition to “the introduction”, the article includes two main parts: in “Metaphor in the West”, the ideas of some well-known figures of the West such as Aristotle, Richards, Lakoff, and Johnson about metaphor are analyzed; and, in “metaphor in Iran”, the ideas of some prominent Iranian scientists concerning metaphor are reviewed and analyzed, namely, Raduyani, Jurjâni, and Sakkākī Khwārizmī. This research shows that in the West, the viewpoints of Aristotle concerning metaphor have made the foundation of most of the discussions about metaphor even till the twentieth century. However, the ideas of Lakoff and Johnson in the 1980s changed the old consolidated Aristotelian-based perspectives toward metaphor. The research also indicates that there is a close similarity between the ideas of Iranian classical scholars' viewpoints about metaphor and those of Aristotle, and the viewpoints of some of them are also close to what latter has been said about metaphor in the framework of cognitive linguistics. 

This research investigates the relationship between Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU), credit risk, and lending decisions using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMMs)over the period from2019 to 2023 for12banks listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The study employs three regression models to analyze the dynamics of Non-Performing Loans (NPLs), Loan-To-Deposit Ratios(LTDRs), and Return onAssets (ROAs)within the banking sector. Findings reveal a significant persistence in NPLs, indicating that banks with higher past NPLs face ongoing challenges that adversely affect their financial health. A notable negative relationship between Leverage(Lev) and Non-Performing Loan Ratio (NPLR)suggests that more leveraged banks may implement effective risk management strategies, reducing their exposure toNPLs. Additionally, capital adequacy emerges as a critical factor, with higher capital ratios correlating with lower NPLs. The analysis of LTDR indicates thatLevand capital adequacy significantly influence lending practices, while a marginally significant relationship between EPU and LTDR suggests external uncertainties may slightly impact lending decisions. Model results further demonstrate strong persistence in profitability, with historical ROA positively predicting current ROA. Overall, this study underscores the importance of effective risk management practices in banking and highlights ongoing challenges posedbyNPLs, particularly for larger institutions. Recommendations include prioritizing capital buffers and monitoring lending practices to mitigate risks while fostering sustainable profitability growth. Future research should explore additional variables to elucidate the complexities of banking performance metrics

SUBJECT & OBJECTIVES: Intellectual virtues refer to virtues that deal with various aspects of human intellect and thought and are divided into faculty-oriented and character-oriented categories. The objective of this article is to explain the key instances of intellectual virtues from Mullā Ṣadrā's perspective. Considering the greater compatibility of Mullā Ṣadrā's views with character-oriented virtues, the article has extracted, categorized, and analyzed instances of this category of intellectual virtues.METHOD & FINDING: This study employs a descriptive and analytical methodology, utilizing a deductive approach. Our analysis reveals that the key instances of character-oriented intellectual virtues in Mullā Ṣadrā's philosophy include a profound eagerness for knowledge, the practice of intellectual contemplation—which encompasses avoiding superficiality, looking for valid reason, conducting adequate research, accuracy and sharpness, and examining the consequences of knowledge—alongside intellectual patience and intellectual independence—which encompasses the avoidance of imitation and prejudice. CONCLUSION: The research findings demonstrate a manifestation of intellectual virtues within the works of Mullā Ṣadrā, one of the preeminent Islamic philosophers. This phenomenon can be attributed to the significance he assigned to authentic human happiness and the role of intellectual virtues in attaining such happiness according to his perspective.