This research investigates the relationship between Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU), credit risk, and lending decisions using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMMs)over the period from2019 to 2023 for12banks listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The study employs three regression models to analyze the dynamics of Non-Performing Loans (NPLs), Loan-To-Deposit Ratios(LTDRs), and Return onAssets (ROAs)within the banking sector. Findings reveal a significant persistence in NPLs, indicating that banks with higher past NPLs face ongoing challenges that adversely affect their financial health. A notable negative relationship between Leverage(Lev) and Non-Performing Loan Ratio (NPLR)suggests that more leveraged banks may implement effective risk management strategies, reducing their exposure toNPLs. Additionally, capital adequacy emerges as a critical factor, with higher capital ratios correlating with lower NPLs. The analysis of LTDR indicates thatLevand capital adequacy significantly influence lending practices, while a marginally significant relationship between EPU and LTDR suggests external uncertainties may slightly impact lending decisions. Model results further demonstrate strong persistence in profitability, with historical ROA positively predicting current ROA. Overall, this study underscores the importance of effective risk management practices in banking and highlights ongoing challenges posedbyNPLs, particularly for larger institutions. Recommendations include prioritizing capital buffers and monitoring lending practices to mitigate risks while fostering sustainable profitability growth. Future research should explore additional variables to elucidate the complexities of banking performance metrics
