مطالب

Purpose- The purpose of the current research is to present a community-based tourism model in the mountain villages of Nowshahr County in Mazandaran province.Methodology- This research was conducted in two stages. In the qualitative part, a semi-structured and in-depth interview was conducted with 20 tourism activists, handicrafts and university experts with a theoretical and targeted method, and the analysis of the interviews was conducted with a Grounded Theory method. The classical grounded theory was done with the help of MAXQDA software. In the quantitative part Lawshe index have been used and in order to test the paradigm model, the final questionnaire was distributed among 384 people of Kojur mountain villages in a cluster and available method. In the last stage, by using Smart PLS software the structural model was examined. Findings- The community-based tourism model of mountain villages obtained in this research includes six components. Causal factors include two "Mental" and "Behavioral" components, contextual factors include three "Group", "Family" and "Individual" components, intervening factors include four "Infrastructural" and "Political-Law" components, "Economic" and "Socio-Cultural", strategies including four "Developmental", "Marketing and Product", "Financial" and "Educational" components and finally the consequences including three "Social-Cultural", "Environmental" and "Economic" components. Also, the main phenomenon in this model was "passion for action".Practical implications- Considering the problems of tourism in the mountainous villages of Kojur region, it is possible to develop community-based tourism by reducing the obstacles identified and strengthening the contexts by adopting development strategies, marketing and product, finance and education and created positive consequences.Original/value- By knowing and gaining insight into the formation process of community-based tourism in Kojur mountain villages and its effective factors and consequences, it is possible to develop better and more effective this type of tourism in the region.

Purpose: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an effective training method for improving the aerobic and anaerobic power of athletes; however, the role of activity volume in high-intensity interval training efficiency is still unclear. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of low- and high-volume HIIT on aerobic power, anaerobic power, and lactate response in young soccer players were compared. Method: In this study, 24 professional soccer players aged 20 to 22 who had no history of illness or taking supplements were chosen and randomly assigned to two groups of high-volume and low-volume HIIT. High-intensity interval training was completed for eight weeks. Training sessions included 5 min of warm-up, the main training phase, and cooling down. The training phase in the first week included 8 repetitions of 15 s of running with maximum power and 15 s of rest. Every week, the number of repetitions was increased by two. High-volume interval training was conducted for six sessions per week while low-volume interval training was performed for three sessions per week. After the training intervention, aerobic power was measured using the one-mile running test, and anaerobic power was evaluated using the Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST). Moreover, the level of blood lactate resulting from the RAST test was also measured using a lactometer. To statistical analyses repeated measure ANOVA was used. Results: Blood lactate levels were reduced by 12% (p=0.001) in the high-volume interval group and by 10% (p=0.001) in the low-volume interval group in response to exercise. In addition, statistical analysis revealed that the blood lactate levels in response to exercise after 8 weeks of training were similar in both groups. On the other hand, despite the rise in aerobic and anaerobic power in both groups, there was no significant difference in aerobic and anaerobic power between the high-volume and low-volume groups after eight weeks of interval training. Conclusions: Overall, the findings of the present research indicated that high-intensity interval training will reduce lactate and increase aerobic and anaerobic capacity, regardless of the training volume.