مطالب

Introduction: One of the important topics in the field of information technology is hacking the information systems of societies, that is, finding the security weaknesses of a system to penetrate and access its information. which can be done with various motivations, such as measuring penetration, finding system flaws, curiosity, causing disturbance, breaking the security of systems and harming them, personal gain, and so on. Hacking information systems will have favorable or unfavorable consequences for communities and citizens. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explain the validity or moral impropriety of this act based on three important moral theories of consequentialism, deontologism, and virtuism. Material and Methods: This research was carried out using a descriptive analytical method based on library sources. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it can be said: from the point of view of utilitarianism, the greater the amount of social benefit from the action of the influencers, the more ethical their action is, and the more harmful it is to the society, the more unethical their action is. Ethical values ​​such as trustworthiness, not prying into the privacy of others, not harming people, maintaining human dignity, protecting public interests, are among the ethical rules governing the act of hacking. And the benevolent motives of hackers only when they are compatible with these moral rules, is the moral justification of their action from the perspective of rule-oriented duty-bearers. The specific personal, social, cultural and economic conditions of the hacker are effective in the moral judgment of his actions from the perspective of practical duty-oriented people. In the end, it should be said: Knowing the ethical behavior of hackers and its effect on their actions is the main condition for the ethical evaluation of information systems hacking, although it will be very difficult to achieve such knowledge.

Introduction: The expansion of moral principles has been one of the necessities of human society throughout history. Also, the most important point that should be addressed in the discussion of moral damages is the definition of moral damages. Moral damage is one of the most challenging legal issues in the legal system of different countries. Therefore, in the present study, the researchers decided to compare the compensation for moral damages in the legal systems of Iran and England. Materials and Methods: The research was a review method, in order to achieve the goal of the research, in addition to electronic education books and virtual education in this field, articles related to the research keywords from 2004 to 2022 from the databases of Civilica, Magiran, Sid, Researchgate, Science direct, was reviewed. Conclusion: In the legal system of England, as in Iran, the "theory of fault" is the main basis of civil responsibility. Investigations indicate that in Iran, based on various laws such as the "Constitutional Law", "Criminal Procedure Law", "Civil Liability Law" and some other scattered laws, compensation for moral damages is mentioned, but it has many problems. While in countries like England, issues such as one-sided or two-sidedness of the damage, insurance coverage, social credit, job and financial resources of both parties to the damage, and reduced life expectancy are taken into consideration in issuing moral damages compensation orders. It seems that people's awareness of their rights in this field, the insurance coverage of moral damages and the compilation of the compensation table in frequent cases will help to follow up and issue judgments in these types of cases.

Introduction: Citizenship education is a plural and multifaceted concept that includes various ethical dimensions. The education of citizenship ethics can be considered as the education of people in the society, in such a way that they can play a role in the formation or establishment of a balance between the authority and responsibility of governments in the society. On the other hand, postmodernism is a multipurpose movement that rejects any final solution and definite answer by denying the view of the world as an interconnected whole. The present study investigated the philosophical foundations of postmodern citizenship education and the extraction of implications of moral-social education in education. Material and Methods: The research method in this study is analytical, descriptive and inferential. Also, the current research was conducted based on library studies and to collect data according to the nature of the subject, a slip was used to study documents. Conclusion: In terms of the implications of moral-social education in terms of goals, it can be concluded that goals appear in the education process and are not pre-defined and should take into account the growth and ability of learners to adapt to rapid changes. From the point of view of the content, it was concluded that no content can increase the scientific and professional competence of the learners. Content should increase learners' problem-solving skills. Also, power is an effective factor in determining the control of relationships between students and teachers.

The Internet of Behavior (IoB) represents an evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT), utilizing behavioral data to enhance decision-making and service delivery. By integrating technology, data analytics, and behavioral science, IoB provides a robust framework for predicting and influencing human behavior. This technology is particularly transformative in the healthcare sector, where it leverages data from wearable devices and other digital tools to offer comprehensive insights into patients' physical and behavioral health. Such data facilitates accurate diagnoses, preventive care, and personalized treatment plans, especially for individuals with chronic conditions or the elderly. Despite its potential, the implementation of IoB in healthcare presents significant ethical challenges. These include concerns about privacy, data security, transparency, behavioral manipulation, equity in access, and the psychological and social consequences of continuous monitoring. Addressing these ethical issues proactively is essential to maximizing the benefits of IoB while mitigating its risks. It is imperative that the deployment of IoB technologies in healthcare does not compromise patients' dignity or lead to a perceived loss of independence, control, and privacy. Additionally, reliance on algorithms for IoB data analysis should not diminish human oversight in healthcare decision-making. To address these concerns, healthcare organizations must establish ethical protocols, including stringent security measures, informed consent procedures, and robust data protection strategies. Ensuring the secure and responsible use of patient data is critical to maintaining trust in IoB systems. Future research should prioritize the exploration of these ethical challenges, particularly focusing on the psychological and social impacts of continuous monitoring.