۱.
Introduction: Independence or autonomy is one of the fundamental rights of patients, which must be observed by health activists in all medical interventions and diagnostic and treatment measures. Considering the importance of patient autonomy in the field of health, the present study examines the violation of this ethical principle during pandemics. Material and Methods: The present study is a review study in which the researcher examined the articles related to the keywords of the present study that were published in Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and Springer databases from 2015 to 2023. Conclusion: In the conditions of spread of the disease, the health system is forced to violate the principle of patients' autonomy in order to fulfill its moral and legal duty in protecting the health of the society. Although it seems that violating the principle of respecting the patient's right to autonomy in the conditions of spreading the disease is morally justified. However, completely ignoring this right and arbitrarily restricting it without citing sufficient evidence, in addition to violating the basic rights of the patient, has also damaged the public trust and social capital of the health system. And this institution will face problems in achieving its big goals and attracting people's participation.
۲.
Introduction: Durkheim's focus is the moral crisis. He believed that the main crisis of societies in the transition period is the moral crisis. According to Durkheim, the problem of societies is "consensus" and the loss of "moral authority". In his works, Durkheim has tried to analyze such a crisis, identify its causes and factors, and make a way forward for these societies. Therefore, the present research has examined Durkheim's view on moral anomie. Material and Methods: The present study is a review. The researcher has examined the works of Emile Durkheim as well as articles related to the keywords of the present study that were published in Google Scholar, Science Direct, Springer, Emerald and SAGE Journals from 2000 to 2023. Conclusion: From Durkheim's point of view, religion and tradition were the origin and basis of social cohesion and moral order in the past. But due to the variety of knowledge sources, development of scientific ideas, division of labor, social differentiation, rationalism and individualism, the religious foundations of such moral beliefs have become weak and shaky and cannot fulfill their cohesive and disciplinary role. For this reason, he is trying to establish a new ethics inspired by scientific knowledge. This new ethics is rooted in sociology and humanitarian and altruistic ideas. Durkheim believes that the only way to overcome the moral crisis in society is to develop civil ethics. Voluntary membership of people in social groups and professional and civil associations causes commitment and adherence to ethical rules.
۳.
Introduction: Dignity is related to the inherent honor of the object, and the foundation of morality can be inferred and expressed from a kind of return to the human being and realizing his inherent honor and dignity. Therefore, the current research aims to examine the development of human dignity as the foundation of ethics in Islamic philosophy and Western humanist philosophy, and in this passage, it has emphasized Farabi's point of view as a representative of Islamic philosophy and Rousseau as a humanist philosophy. Material and Methods: The present review article examined human dignity from the perspective of Islamic and western philosophers in a descriptive manner. In order to achieve this goal, articles related to research keywords from Science Direct, Pub Med, Google scholar and related books were examined. Conclusion: According to Western philosophy, which is based on humanism, man is a part of nature and his relationship with the supernatural is loose and he has no need to determine a task from the supernatural. But in Islamic philosophy, man is under God's lordship and as the caliph of God and in connection with his divine successor, who has rights and duties. Western humanist philosophy, represented by philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, has tried to define human dignity around the human axis and the discourse of humanism. But Islamic philosophy, with the representation of philosophers like Farabi with a religious and spiritual perspective, considers a person to have a very high and great position, which can go as far as reaching the stage of dialogue with what is essential.
۴.
Introduction: After the overthrow of the Achaemenid government by Alexander and the short-term rule of him and his successors, the Arsacid dynasty rose from the east of Iran. The Arsacid created a just and powerful government, but with all these powers, the Arsacid government, like others, suffered from political immorality, which gradually infiltrated its body and caused its overthrow. Over time, the internal conflicts over the power and the position of the king emptied this strong dynasty from the inside. The present study was formed with the aim of investigating the role of political immorality and power struggle in the decline of the Ashkan people. Material and Methods: This review article was done with a descriptive analytical method and investigated the mentioned topic using the library method. Conclusion: If political ethics is considered in the dimension of public policy, it can be said that according to the belief of many researchers, the Arsacid kings were the most just kings and they were less interested in building palaces and luxurious buildings and more focused on strengthening the economic body and distributing wealth in the society. But if political ethics is considered in the dimension of procedural ethics (or administrative ethics), it can be seen that as a result of trying to gain power under the influence of individual and group resources, a kind of quarrel and conflict was formed in the Arsacid dynasty which was effective in weakening the power of the Arsacid kings.
۵.
Introduction: Academic enthusiasm is one of the concepts of positive psychology in educational processes, which can increase under the influence of perceived educational ethics, thinking style and academic engagement. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between perceived educational ethics and thinking styles with students' academic enthusiasm, considering the mediating role of academic conflict. Material and Methods: The research method was descriptive correlation type with structural modeling approach. The statistical population included all the students of the fourth experimental high school of public schools in the center of Maysan city in the academic year 2023-2024 in the number of 1952 people, using Cochran's formula, 281 of them were selected by stratified random sampling. To collect research data, four standard questionnaires of perceived educational ethics, thinking style, academic engagement and academic enthusiasm were used. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and confirmed through factor analysis. The reliability of the instrument was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was done using Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis and structural equation model in SPSS and Lisrel statistical software. Results: The results showed that the relationship between perceived educational ethics and thinking styles with academic enthusiasm is positive and significant. Also, the results showed that the mediating role of academic engagement in the relationship between perceived educational ethics and thinking styles with academic enthusiasm is positive and significant. Conclusion: Based on the results, it is possible to use the perceived educational ethics, thinking style and academic engagement in students to increase academic enthusiasm.
۶.
Introduction: Cultural development means creating transformation and creating values, moral relationships and appropriate norms that provide the necessary grounds in the form of society to satisfy human needs. Understanding concepts such as development, culture and cultural development is important to the fate of nations and Iranian society. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of social, economic and political values on cultural and moral development from the perspective of Tehran citizens. Material and methods: The present research was applied, and its theoretical framework was based on the theory of Parsons and Inglehart. The research method used was a quantitative survey. The statistical population of this research included all citizens over 15 years of age living in Tehran. For sample selection, taking into account Cochran's formula and a 10% error rate, the sample size was equal to 422 people, which reached 388 people after removing outliers. The sampling method was a multi-stage cluster. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation method. Results: The research results indicate that there is a significant relationship between cultural-ethical development and social value (r = 0.478), economic value (r = -0.295), and political value (r = 0.297). Conclusion: Adherence and respect for social and political values (commitment, honesty and adherence to family relations; political awareness; political activity and presence; institutional trust; materialism and utilitarianism) lead to the improvement of cultural and moral development. But paying attention only to economic values (materialism and utilitarianism) has an inverse and negative relationship with cultural and moral development.
۷.
Introduction: Culture is an important and influential factor on unethical behavior and people in any society. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of national culture on unethical financial behavior in 113 countries. Material and Methods: The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of data collection. The statistical population includes different countries around the world, from which a sample of 113 countries was selected. In this research, Hofstede's six cultural characteristics are used as a basis for investigating the relationship between culture and unethical financial behaviors. The research tool for collecting theoretical bases and research data is library studies. Also, data analysis was done based on descriptive statistics and multivariate regression using SPSS software. Results: The results of this research show that the cultural characteristics of power distance have a significant and positive relationship with financial crimes. Also, individualism and uncertainty avoidance have a significant and negative relationship with unethical financial behaviors. But other cultural variables such as Long-Term Orientation, Masculinity and Indulgence have no significant relationship with unethical financial behaviors. Conclusion: Compliance with ethics in financial fields means the existence of transparent financial systems in any country is rooted in the national culture of that country. Therefore, national culture is an integral part of moral behavior in all societies.
۸.
The Internet of Behavior (IoB) represents an evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT), utilizing behavioral data to enhance decision-making and service delivery. By integrating technology, data analytics, and behavioral science, IoB provides a robust framework for predicting and influencing human behavior. This technology is particularly transformative in the healthcare sector, where it leverages data from wearable devices and other digital tools to offer comprehensive insights into patients' physical and behavioral health. Such data facilitates accurate diagnoses, preventive care, and personalized treatment plans, especially for individuals with chronic conditions or the elderly. Despite its potential, the implementation of IoB in healthcare presents significant ethical challenges. These include concerns about privacy, data security, transparency, behavioral manipulation, equity in access, and the psychological and social consequences of continuous monitoring. Addressing these ethical issues proactively is essential to maximizing the benefits of IoB while mitigating its risks. It is imperative that the deployment of IoB technologies in healthcare does not compromise patients' dignity or lead to a perceived loss of independence, control, and privacy. Additionally, reliance on algorithms for IoB data analysis should not diminish human oversight in healthcare decision-making. To address these concerns, healthcare organizations must establish ethical protocols, including stringent security measures, informed consent procedures, and robust data protection strategies. Ensuring the secure and responsible use of patient data is critical to maintaining trust in IoB systems. Future research should prioritize the exploration of these ethical challenges, particularly focusing on the psychological and social impacts of continuous monitoring.
