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Introduction: AI technologies have led to transformative changes in various industries across medicine and healthcare, environmental assessments, smart cities, smart surveillance and security etc. In this article, the dual nature of AI has been investigated. Material and Methods: It is a review article that described the ethical concerns of societies in AI. Conclusion: Despite of the many amazing prospective applications, there are ethical and dual use issues of AI which necessitates enhanced governance and vigilance. Addressing these issues requires adherence to the basic ethical principles. Herein, we present the various concerning dimensions of the AI and discuss them under the lens of ethical concepts.
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Introduction: One of the important topics in the field of information technology is hacking the information systems of societies, that is, finding the security weaknesses of a system to penetrate and access its information. which can be done with various motivations, such as measuring penetration, finding system flaws, curiosity, causing disturbance, breaking the security of systems and harming them, personal gain, and so on. Hacking information systems will have favorable or unfavorable consequences for communities and citizens. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explain the validity or moral impropriety of this act based on three important moral theories of consequentialism, deontologism, and virtuism. Material and Methods: This research was carried out using a descriptive analytical method based on library sources. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it can be said: from the point of view of utilitarianism, the greater the amount of social benefit from the action of the influencers, the more ethical their action is, and the more harmful it is to the society, the more unethical their action is. Ethical values such as trustworthiness, not prying into the privacy of others, not harming people, maintaining human dignity, protecting public interests, are among the ethical rules governing the act of hacking. And the benevolent motives of hackers only when they are compatible with these moral rules, is the moral justification of their action from the perspective of rule-oriented duty-bearers. The specific personal, social, cultural and economic conditions of the hacker are effective in the moral judgment of his actions from the perspective of practical duty-oriented people. In the end, it should be said: Knowing the ethical behavior of hackers and its effect on their actions is the main condition for the ethical evaluation of information systems hacking, although it will be very difficult to achieve such knowledge.
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Introduction: The difference between an epidemic and a pandemic is not the severity of the disease, but the degree of its spread. Pandemics, unlike epidemics, cut across international borders. In this article, the moral challenges of societies during the occurrence of pandemic diseases (such as Covid-19, Sars, etc.) have been investigated. Material and Methods: Conceptual analysis method is used in this article. Related keywords were used in the search of materials and 44 articles were collected from Sciencedirect, Pubmed, Proquest and Elsevier databases and their examples were used according to the purpose. Conclusion: In this study, ethical challenges are divided into three categories: challenges related to sharing facilities, challenges related to providing or not providing medical services, and the challenge of how to react when faced with a controversial and possibly unethical situation. Then these challenges were examined from the perspective of ethical theories. The result of the analysis indicated that the philosophies of utilitarianism, virtuism, and truth-orientedness are not suitable for reasoning, justifying, and acting in difficult situations during pandemics. The philosophy of Justicialism, deontologism, and truth-orientedness are better, and with the help of a combination of the three mentioned theories, a model can be presented for three types of difficult situations in pandemic diseases.
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Introduction: The expansion of moral principles has been one of the necessities of human society throughout history. Also, the most important point that should be addressed in the discussion of moral damages is the definition of moral damages. Moral damage is one of the most challenging legal issues in the legal system of different countries. Therefore, in the present study, the researchers decided to compare the compensation for moral damages in the legal systems of Iran and England. Materials and Methods: The research was a review method, in order to achieve the goal of the research, in addition to electronic education books and virtual education in this field, articles related to the research keywords from 2004 to 2022 from the databases of Civilica, Magiran, Sid, Researchgate, Science direct, was reviewed. Conclusion: In the legal system of England, as in Iran, the "theory of fault" is the main basis of civil responsibility. Investigations indicate that in Iran, based on various laws such as the "Constitutional Law", "Criminal Procedure Law", "Civil Liability Law" and some other scattered laws, compensation for moral damages is mentioned, but it has many problems. While in countries like England, issues such as one-sided or two-sidedness of the damage, insurance coverage, social credit, job and financial resources of both parties to the damage, and reduced life expectancy are taken into consideration in issuing moral damages compensation orders. It seems that people's awareness of their rights in this field, the insurance coverage of moral damages and the compilation of the compensation table in frequent cases will help to follow up and issue judgments in these types of cases.
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Introduction: Citizenship education is a plural and multifaceted concept that includes various ethical dimensions. The education of citizenship ethics can be considered as the education of people in the society, in such a way that they can play a role in the formation or establishment of a balance between the authority and responsibility of governments in the society. On the other hand, postmodernism is a multipurpose movement that rejects any final solution and definite answer by denying the view of the world as an interconnected whole. The present study investigated the philosophical foundations of postmodern citizenship education and the extraction of implications of moral-social education in education. Material and Methods: The research method in this study is analytical, descriptive and inferential. Also, the current research was conducted based on library studies and to collect data according to the nature of the subject, a slip was used to study documents. Conclusion: In terms of the implications of moral-social education in terms of goals, it can be concluded that goals appear in the education process and are not pre-defined and should take into account the growth and ability of learners to adapt to rapid changes. From the point of view of the content, it was concluded that no content can increase the scientific and professional competence of the learners. Content should increase learners' problem-solving skills. Also, power is an effective factor in determining the control of relationships between students and teachers.
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Introduction: Administrative corruption is a global problem and the biggest obstacle to reform in any country and the biggest obstacle to progress. Corruption is the violation of existing laws to secure personal interests and profits, and it is often referred to as a severe organizational disease. This research seeks to identify the moral and cultural rules and norms underlying administrative corruption in Iran based on the theory of modern institutionalism. Material and Methods: This research is of qualitative type and in terms of method, "qualitative content analysis" and data collection method is also based on "review of documents". The research community included cases related to administrative corruption in the courts of Tehran province, which were investigated and resulted in conviction. Among them, 19 cases were randomly selected. Data were analyzed by coding method. Results: The findings of the research showed the impact of 19 open codes, which the researcher classified into 4 core code categories, and the conceptual model of the research was formed. Conclusion: The results of this research show that "individualistic and materialistic institutional environment", "corrupting institutional environment", "legitimization" and "institutionalized organizational corruption" are considered as factors and institutional norms underlying administrative corruption in Iran. To deal with and prevent administrative corruption in society, organizations should be institutionalized based on moral values and administrative health beliefs.
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Introduction: The Taliban used religion to justify their brutal totalitarian government, which lacked any moral and religious values. In the field of ethics and gender, the Taliban's perception of women's political-social rights meant depriving them of any political-social activities. Due to the importance of ethics and gender, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the status of women's rights and freedom of speech in the political thought of the Taliban. Material and Methods: This is an applied descriptive-analytical type in terms of its purpose, it was among quantitative researches. The statistical population of the research was Afghan women living in Shiraz. Participants include 350 Afghan women living in Shiraz, who were selected by available sampling method. Data was gathered by researcher-made questionnaire. Finally, data were analyzed using the t-test method and SPSS software. Results: The findings show that the awareness of Afghan women about their rights in the field of education, violence against women, marriage, freedom of speech, clothing status, medical and therapeutic services, presence in society, political participation, urban services and human rights in Afghanistan is low and very low. Conclusion: The results showed that according to the opinion of Afghan women who had lived under the Taliban rule in Afghanistan, the situation of women's rights and freedom of expression in the political thought of the Taliban was estimated to be very bad. The Taliban's goal of dealing with women and preventing their political-social services, before it is caused by Islamic Sharia or ethnic and tribal customs, is a political method and a government strategy
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Introduction: Resilience is a capacity to resist stress and disaster. This capability of human resources plays an important role in improving the organization, and being ethical in the profession can be an important factor in increasing resilience. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to analyze the antecedents and consequences of resilience in public organizations with an emphasis on work ethics. Material and methods: The current research method was of mixed type. In the qualitative part, the theme analysis method was used. The statistical population includes managers and experts (with at least 10 years of experience) in the government organizations of Kermanshah province. 16 people were selected as a sample through targeted and snowball sampling. In-depth semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by coding method. In the quantitative part, the descriptive-survey method is used to validate the designed model. The statistical population included the managers of the government organizations of Kermanshah province, 400 people were selected by cluster sampling method, and the information of 396 of them could be used. Data were gathered by a researcher made questionnaire and they were analyzed using structural equation analysis. Results: Based on the qualitative results of the research, 26 identification components were classified into 9 subcategories and the conceptual model of the research was formed. Also, in the quantitative part, the results of the structural equations showed that the resilience model has a favorable fit in government organizations. Conclusion: In order to achieve resilience, organizations need capable and ethical human resources, and the organization must develop programs for their preparation.
