درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The book Late Achaemenid Texts from Šāṭer, The Archive of Šamaš-zēru-ibni, Part 1, written by Basima Abed and Johannes Hackl, is one of the new books about Achaemenid texts. It includes transliterations, autographed copies, and photographs of texts confiscated from illicit excavators by the Iraqi Antiquities Authority, along with a brief introduction and indices; these texts form part of a larger collection housed in the Iraq Museum.

Achaemenid architecture is distinguished by its columned halls and porticoes, which can be found in the empire’s major capitals, such as Pasargadae, Susa, and Persepolis. Column bases are one of the most essential parts of a column, and square and bell-shaped column bases were frequently used during the Achaemenid period. During a 2018 survey conducted in Hannā, Semirom County, Esfahan Province, the authors discovered two square-column bases that showed a striking resemblance to other column bases found in the Achaemenid Empire. The column bases, along with several partly carved slabs, were found by a bulldozer during the digging process. If these column bases and carved slabs are indeed from an Achaemenid period construction, it serves as a strong indication of the importance of the Hannā site in Semirom. An additional indication of the significance of these findings is the lack of palaces or buildings with columns from the Achaemenid period in the region of Esfahan. Furthermore, it is essential to take into account the continued use of square-column bases in post-Achaemenid structures, as well as the fact that the masonry tools employed during this period remained unchanged throughout the following centuries. By analyzing the presence of carved stone slabs and columned bases of pillared buildings and halls from the Achaemenid period and beyond, we may determine that we are dealing with a prestigious structure that is associated with the elite of society. After the decline of the Achaemenid Empire, pillared structures and this type of square and stepped column base were used.

Among the significant and yet controversial archaeological remains of the Sasanian period are the Chahār Tāqis and fire temples of this era. Chahār Tāqis reflect historical and architectural engineering points that, despite their simplicity in construction, have managed to endure for many years. Although the primary function of Chahār Tāqis was mainly religious, in some cases, they could also serve as commemorative monuments or guideposts. Despite being constructed over a long period and scattered across a vast geographical area throughout the Iranian plateau, Chahār Tāqis exhibit very similar characteristics in construction techniques and spatial positioning. The abundance, distribution, and expansion of Chahār Tāqis in the studied region necessitate multiple research topics from architectural, functional, and religious perspectives. Given the prevalence and spread of Chahār Tāqis in the Isfahan region, this study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to compare the architectural elements of Sasanian fire temples and Chahār Tāqis in Isfahan province, as well as the metric dimensions of each architectural element. In addition to studying the architectural and decorative elements used in prominent Chahār Tāqis of the region, such as those in Niasar, Shirkuh, Nakhlak, and Qal'eh Dar, the reasons for their abundance in this region compared to other areas during the Sasanian period and their potential uses in the early Islamic period are also explored. Furthermore, the positioning of these structures in relation to nearby natural and unnatural phenomena has been carefully examined. Based on the dimensions and surface distribution of the mentioned Chahār Tāqis, it can be concluded that these structures were likely sites for the Aduran or Dadgah fires.

Timurid coins serve as a mirror reflecting the significant economic and political events of the era, and their study can provide deeper insights into the economic and social dynamics of the Timurid period. This research examines the Timurid coins housed in the Museum of Bu-Ali Sina Mausoleum using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. A specialized review of the initial results obtained from XRF spectroscopy, particularly in numismatic studies, holds significant importance and can be a fundamental step toward reducing errors and enhancing precision in interdisciplinary analyses. XRF technology, as a non-destructive method, enables precise examination of the chemical composition and identification of elements present in coins. However, without meticulous monitoring and comprehensive reevaluation of the obtained results, misinterpretations and uncertainty in historical analyses may arise. The research questions focus on the value of reinterpreting and analyzing XRF spectroscopy data and their role in identifying counterfeit coins and understanding economic and cultural characteristics in numismatic studies. The central hypothesis of the study posits that raw XRF spectroscopy data do not provide accurate results, and in-depth analysis by experts is required for a precise examination of coins. This research also highlights the importance of detailed spectrum analysis, technical challenges in data interpretation, and the use of interdisciplinary approaches to enhance the accuracy of results. The findings reveal that a more profound reinterpretation of XRF spectroscopy data significantly contributes to better understanding the chemical composition of coins and preserving cultural heritage treasures. It also provides deeper insights into the economic policies and activities of the Timurid period.

The southern part of Lorestan province in Pishkuh is one of the key areas for understanding the cultural periods of Southwest Iran. This area is located near one of the government centers of Elam (Susa in the south) and on two communication routes from south to north and west to east. Therefore, this area can be one of the essential communication areas between the Susa and the Mesopotamian lowlands, the mountainous region of Zagros, and the central plateau of Iran. However, due to the focus of Elam scholars on the two state centers of Susa and Anshan, there is no comprehensive picture of the state of settlements in this region during the Elam period. Based on this, this research aimed to determine and analyze the situation of the Elamite settlements in the area by conducting a systematic archaeological survey in 2016. As a result, 31 sites belonging to the Elamite period were identified. This research showed that most of the Elam sites were formed in the intermountainous valleys and the slopes of mounds. Most of them have a chronological sequence, and in terms of morphology, they show evidence of Elamite nomadic settlements in this region.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the architectural index elements in local and Jame Mosques. “Mosque” is an allusion to a place of worship, which should be able to induce a sense of worship in its audience. The forms and roles in the building are the shapes that are influenced by the content and affect the human sensory perception and are directly related to people's beliefs and religion. Therefore, the main issue in its design is the suitability of the architecture of the mosques with their dignity and functional content. When Islam emerged, there was no idea of the principles of building a mosque and the only pattern was the Prophet's house. Iranian architectural styles have changed and evolved during different periods of history, in accordance with governments, religions and beliefs, and with the arrival of Islam, the Iranian architectural style underwent many changes. In general, several prominent elements are used in the architecture of the mosque: the courtyard, the porch, the shrine, the mihrab, the dome and the minaret. However, some mosques lack elements or some have several elements of the same element. So, in this research, by examining the historical (local and Jame) mosques of Zanjan, their architectural index elements which are unknown aspects of this research, as well as to determine the factors influencing the design of these mosques that take the ambiguous dimension of the research, it was revealed through library studies and the descriptive/analytical method of existing documents and research.

The illustrated manuscripts of Iran in the Islamic period have various cultural, archaeological, social, historical, religious, artistic and other information, And this information is important for historians, archaeologists and scientists of various sciences. kings counted as the main supporters of creating illustrated manuscripts with different topics such as heroic, religious in the Taymurid period. So many books such as Khavaran Nameh, Shahnameh, Khamseh, rewritten and illustrated by same kings in the Taymurid period. Generally, Shahrokhi’s Merajnameh is one of the most important illustrated manuscripts in the Taymuird period and this book has almost 58 miniatures with illustrated pages that written in Turkish,Uighur and Arabic languages. Shahrokhi's Merajnameh has valuable miniatures that indicate us cultural and artistic and historical information about the Taymuird period. One of the main purpose of this article is to introduce the illustrated manuscripts in Merajnameh as one of the study sources in the field of history, art and archeology in the Taymurid period. Archaeological and artistic analysis of the miniatures of this book is another goal of this research.In this research, with fieldwork and library studies, a number of illustrated miniatures of Merajnameh have been studied with descriptive and analytical methods and sometimes with a comparative approach.The result of this research shows the importance of Merajnameh miniatures in the cultural reconstruction of the Taymurid period in Iran.