درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: In today’s world learning a second language, especially English, has become vital for success, both academically and professionally. Yet, learners’ characteristics like affective features and linguistic background may impact either the ultimate level of achievement. Methodology: This study was carried out to determine whether there is a difference in test anxiety, attitude, integrative and instrumental motivation of the monolingual and bilingual university students in English. To this end, 227 questionnaires obtained from freshman university students majoring in various fields from 125 bilingual students at the University of Payame Noor and Islamic Azad University of Meshkin Shahr and 125 monolingual students at the Payame Noor University of Qazvin in Iran. Three Independent t-tests were run to compare these two groups’ attitude, instrumental and integrative motivations and test anxiety. Findings: The findings revealed that the bilingual students had a significantly more positive attitude and showed a significantly higher integrative motivation towards learning English. However, no significant difference was observed among the two groups regarding their instrumental motivation and test anxiety. Discussion: Pedagogical implications of the study will be discussed. The bilingual students possess a higher level of motivation towards learning English language than do the monolingual students.

Purpose: One of the concerns of the majority of Iranian families is the acceptance of their children at the university entrance exam, and in this way each one will provide facilities to their children. Method: The amount of facilities available to children is influenced by the size of households' economic capital and therefore there is a significant difference between them in achieving success. But there are kinds of capital that can largely provide a relatively fair background for breakthroughs. Therefore, this article seeks to answer the question of how much students' success in getting to university is influenced by the social and cultural capital of their families? The research method is survey-based and 374 students who participated in the national entrance examination of 2017-18 compromised the sample size. First, using the U-Mann-Whitney test, it was shown that male and female students had a relatively similar background in cultural and social capital. Findings: The findings of this research show that family cultural capital, as Bourdieu stated, is effective on students' academic achievement, which at the level of sig= 0.01, the correlation was 0.24, although in relation to the effect of social capital on the dependent variable unlike Coleman's theory, especially in the two domains of intra-family relationships (sig = 0.45), and out-of-family relationships (sig =0.6), given the significant level of sig> 0.05, the hypotheses are not confirmed. Conclusion: social and cultural capital of parents influences the academic achievement of admission to university, but contrary to basic research.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the job intelligence, job burnout and happiness among the high school principals in Zahedan City, district 1. Methodology: The research method is descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of this study is all the principals of district 1 high schools who worked in the academic year 2012-2013. The sample size was also equal to the population size (100 ones). To collect the data, Schering's Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, Maslow Job Burnout Questionnaire and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire were used. One-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multivariate regression were used for data analysis. Findings: It was concluded that there was a significant negative relationship between the emotional intelligence and job burnout, and there is a significant positive relationship between emotional intelligence and happiness. There is a significant negative relationship between all components of emotional intelligence of principals with their burnout. Among all components of emotional intelligence, two components of self-control and social skills had a significant positive relationship with the happiness of school principals. Among the components of emotional intelligence, the components of social consciousness and social skills can predict the job burnout of school principals. Also, among the components of emotional intelligence, social skills, self-awareness, self-control and self-motivating, can predict the happiness of school principals. Conclusion: The mean scores of all three emotional, happiness and burnout variables were less than the hypothetical mean among the principals.

Purpose: Penal procedure is a long process starts from crime discovery and ends to penal verdict execution. The result of such process can be observed in final step of penal procedure, that is, penal verdict execution. Convictions mentioned in penal verdict in Iranian legal system are too diverse so they can be initially divided into financial and nonfinancial convictions. Methodology: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and content analysis method. In the organization of research, the documentary and library methods have been used and the information analysis has been obtained qualitatively and based on the inference of the researcher on the sources and texts. Findings: The execution of penal financial convictions including cash fine, property restitution, crime – related loss, blood money, expropriation and destroying the assets are encountering with a series of radical challenges. Iranian Penal Procedure Law (2013, amended in 2015) and law on How to Execute Financial Convictions (2015) have resolved some relevant problems while some issues such as abusing the payment of financial convictions in instalments, the possibility of abusing in proving insolvency by the attestation of two witness, transferring the burden of proving losing party’s affordability to winning party are still remained. Conclusion: In this vein, some conflicts between legal provisions, transferring procedure previous problems to penal verdicts execution, lack of an independent and strong structure and machinery to execute penal verdicts are, inter alia, the most important challenges for executing penal financial convictions in Iran.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the present study is presenting a model to provide the succession for the managers of Education & Training organization. The research method in terms of the purpose was practical/ fundamental one, in terms of collecting the data, it was descriptive- surveying and in terms of data type, it was mixed (qualitative & quantitative) exploratory one. Methodology: The population of the study in qualitative part includes academic experts and Tehran Education & Training top managers. Among them, the sample was selected according to purposive sampling and 10 person’s saturation method. The second group of the study population includes all heads and deputies (2400) of the Education Department in the provincial centers of the country. The sample size of 331 was selected by multilevel cluster sampling method. Data collection was done by library, semi-structured interviews (qualitative part) and research made questionnaire with 84 questions (quantitative part) was used. Interviews with experts indicate that the interview was valid and for measuring the reliability, theoretical coding based on fundamental data theory was used. For measuring the questionnaires’ validity, the face, content and construct validity were measured and for measuring the questionnaires’ reliability, Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient and retest were used. According to the study research questions, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Verifiable and exploratory factor analysis and one sample t-test) were used in quantitative part using SPSS and Lisrel soft wares. Findings: The results of the study indicated that the models input that was the factors influenced on succession included, individual, organizational and procedural. The model output, that is the effective factors included, job satisfaction (job nature, development opportunities and organizational climate). Conclusion: According to mentioned components, the presented model had good fit. Also the results showed that the situation of succession, job satisfaction, coaching tasks and talent management was undesirable, but the situation of the leadership roles and human capital was desirable.

Abstract Purpose: This research conducted with the aim of presenting a model about risk management training in the insurance industry. Research method was practical in terms of objective; in terms of data collection method, it was descriptive-correlational; and considering the data type was quantitative. Methodology: The statistical population, consisted of all men and women working in the insurance industry (51882 individuals), from whom 384 individuals were selected as sample size, using a Stratified Random Sampling method and Morgan table. In order to collect data, made researcher questionnaire from available literature was used. Validity was approved by content validity according to academic experts and insurance industry viewpoint; and in order to calculate reliability, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was used. Finding: Findings approved of the validity and reliability of the data collection tools. Analysis of data was conducted using SPSS and Lisrel software in two sections: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (structural equations). Discussion: Findings showed that presented model consist of factors like principles of educational management, familiarity with risk management system, environmental factors, organizational resources, learning organization, social capital, and organizational culture had appropriate fitting.

Abstract Purpose: This paper aimed at analyzing the objectives and content of religion and life curriculum in the high school relying emphasis on belief education components and present optimization strategies. Methodology: This study had been carried out in a composite method, quantitative and qualitative and content and survey techniques used. The statistical population was composed of experts and scholars in the field of religious education. Also, religion and life curriculum of the high School in 2016-2017 was another part of the research population. The sample size was 66 persons according to the Morgan sampling table, which were selected to saturation stage purposefully. The data collection tools were: survey questionnaire, interview, data lists, validity of the questionnaire referring to experts and its reliability of 0.893. The statistical methods used in the research were: exploitation of descriptive statistics, factor analysis test, and Shannon entropy statistical technique. It should be noted that, SPSS software was performed all stages of data processing and data analysis. Findings: Findings of the research indicated that the components of belief education were identified and validated in fifteen cases which were categorized under the three headings of cognition, acceptance and affection. The emphases on the components of belief education according to the educational objectives of religion and life curriculum in terms of Shannon's entropy technique were as follows: cognition, 0/378, acceptance, 0.209; affection 0.412. The importance of this emphasis was: cognition, 0.267; acceptance, 0.249; affection and interest 0.483. Conclusion: Given the consistency of curriculum objectives and contents, it was observed, there was no consistency between the objectives and the content of the curriculum in each of the three components of belief education according to Shannon entropy technique.

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of acceptance-based treatment and commitment to interdependence, loneliness and Attributional styles of addicts' wives. The present study was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest with control group and from the perspective of the purpose, the research was applied. The statistical population of the study consisted of all wives of drug addicts in Tehran. The sample of the present study was based on objective sampling based on available sampling including 30 subjects (15 subjects in each group, 15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). The research instruments were Spen-Fisher questionnaire (1991), loneliness questionnaire, Attributional style styles, and adherence-based therapy package. Data were analyzed by repeated measures of covariance and Bonferrini test. Findings showed that considering the fact that the level of significance is smaller than α, also considering that the effect of pre-test was covariate by covariance test, it can be concluded that in the context of the variables of dependency, loneliness and Attributional styles, Treatment based on admission and commitment has been significantly effective. Also, considering all the three variables, we can conclude that the experimental intervention has led to changes in the experimental group. So the treatment affected the decrease in dependency and loneliness and the change in the Attributional style.

Purpose: the transformation of marriage patterns and family formation by following transition from traditional society to a modern society causes changes in goals, function of family formation. The aim of this study was comparative investigation of the attitudes of single and married individuals about marriage function. Materials and method: the study performed by qualitative method. The statistical society included all married and single men and women in Tehran city. Sample size was 55 single and 57 married men. 66 single and 60 married women. They were selected using purposeful and available sampling method. First, the statistical analysis performed through content analysis of the subject’s response to an open question as "What is the function of marriage” and after categorizing the responses by several psychologists, using the chi-square test was evaluated agreement between comments of married and single people. Findings: the response of subjects classified in six categories of physiological (physical), psychological, social, economic, religious and spiritual functions and comparison of groups showed significant differences in these categories. There was consistent between single and married people's comments about physiological function of marriage. Disagreement seen with regard to psychological, social and economic function. The married groups more than the single groups had investigated spiritual and religious category. Discussion: despite consistent and discrepancies resulting from the change in people's views about marriage function; as individuals consider functions and benefits for marriage, indicating the place and value of marriage in today's society and in consultations.