درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: The ability to manage conflict plays an important role in the teaching profession. Therefore, the purpose of the current research was to design a conflict management model based on the professional experiences of secondary school teachers in North Khorasan schools. Methodology: This was an applied study in terms of its purpose and qualitative in terms of its method. The research population included secondary school teachers of North Khorasan province in the academic year of 2018-2019. A total of 17 people were selected by purposive sampling method and according to the theoretical saturation, and were subjected to semi-structured interviews. Content validity and reliability was 0.86 based on the expert's opinion and 0.93 using inter-rater agreement coefficient. Open, axial and selective coding methods were used for data analysis. Findings: Data analysis led to the emergence of 209 primary concepts and 18 secondary concepts in 5 categories for the conflict management model based on the professional experiences of secondary school teachers in North Khorasan schools. The categories include active coping (with 5 secondary concepts of problem solving, information acquisition, seeking social support, negotiating and technology management), passive coping (with 5 secondary concepts of acceptance, emotional adjustment, keep work and home life separate, reframing and avoidance), reinforcement and management of relationships (with 4 secondary concepts of strengthening interpersonal communication, meeting expectations, paying attention to emotional needs and creating fun and entertainment), strengthening religious beliefs (with 2 secondary concepts of resorting to spirituality and developing morals and values) and developing personal growth (with two secondary concepts of self-analysis and going beyond personal needs). Finally, the conflict management model was designed based on the professional experiences of secondary school teachers in North Khorasan. Conclusion: According to the concepts and categories identified for the conflict management model based on the professional experiences of secondary school teachers, they can be used to improve conflict management and improve the position of the organization.

Purpose: Friendship-oriented leadership is one of the relatively new methods of leadership to gain a competitive advantage. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design and formulate a friendship-oriented leadership model. Methodology: This study was applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of execution method. The research community was experts and experts in the field of broadcasting leadership in 1400. The sample size was determined based on the principle of theoretical saturation of 20 people, and this number was selected by purposive sampling. The data was collected with a semi-structured interview, the validity of which was confirmed by the triangulation method and the reliability was calculated with the Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.66. The data were analyzed by open, central and selective coding method based on database theory in MAXQDA software. Findings: The findings showed that 108 indicators were identified in 11 sub-categories and 6 main categories for the friendship-oriented leadership model; So that the friendship-oriented leadership model in the category of causal conditions includes individual abilities and capabilities and follower conditions, in the category of contextual conditions including organizational characteristics, demographic factors and human resources mechanism, in the category of intervening conditions including the organizational environment and extra-organizational factors, in the category of central phenomenon including leadership Friendship-oriented, in the category of strategies included leadership strategies, and in the category of consequences, it included positive consequences and negative consequences. Finally, the paradigm model of friendship-oriented leadership was designed. Conclusion: Specialists and organizational planners can use the categories and indicators identified for the friendship-oriented leadership model to improve their organization and create a competitive advantage and improve them in their organization.

Purpose: Examining the factors affecting the social role of the higher education system can help in its improvement. Thus, this research aimed to identify and rate the factors affecting the social role of the academic system based on interpretive structural equations. Methodology: Regarding aim, this study was of applied type and considering method of implementation, it was cross-sectional. The research population consisted of the qualitative section of documents and texts related to the research and experts of this field. Fifty documents and texts were chosen via purposive sampling method, and 10 experts were selected via purposive sampling method as the sample. The data were collected through taking notes from the documents and texts as well as surveying experts about a researcher-made questionnaire, and analyzed further via interpretive structural equations method in PLS software. Findings: The results indicated that the factors affecting the social role of the higher education system include 11 factors including making the academic curricula challenging, promoting social participation forms, preparing students for public jobs, active civic curriculum, training and learning social responsibility, research-orientedness, social projects, training qualified individuals, attention to the views of social beneficiaries in the academic system, and training social sensitivity. The results of interpretive structural equations indicated that the factor of promoting social participation problem claimed the first rank, followed by research-orientedness and training qualified individuals at the second level, training and learning social responsibility at the third level, factors of making academic curricula challenging and preparing students for public jobs at the fourth level, factors of active civic curriculum factors, attention to the views of social beneficiaries in the academic system and training social sensitivity at the fifth level, factor of developing eligible citizens at the sixth level, and factor of social projects at the seventh level. Based on that, the interpretive structural model of factors affecting the social role of the academic system was designed. Conclusion: Based on the present study results, planners and experts of higher education can benefit from the present study results, and use the identified factors affecting the social role of the academic system for improving the status of university and acquiring competitive advantage.

Purpose: One of the concerns of citizens and officials of organizations and institutions is social vitality development. Therefore, the present study was conducted to propose a model for social vitality development using meta-synthesis approach. Methodology: This study was applied in terms of objective and qualitative in terms of research method. The field of research was all articles on social vitality during 1990-2022, 39 of which were selected based on inclusion criteria by purposive sampling. The data were collected by taking notes from the articles and analyzed by content analysis based on the seven-step meta-synthesis approach of Sandelowski and Barroso (2007). Findings: The results showed that 19 components and 3 dimensions were identified for a model for social vitality development. The dimensions include urban development and urban planning (6 components of compliance with the principles of urbanization and good urban governance, urban furniture design and beautification of the neighborhood, urban services and preservation of the urban environment, calming of roads and smoothing of traffic, design and construction of parks and gardens, and construction of smart parking lots), social and cultural affairs (7 components of public and morning sports, development of sports centers, development of culture and art houses, citizen health services, development of game and entertainment centers, implementation of citizenship education programs and skill training and entrepreneurship) and relations and citizenship rights (6 components of strengthening family relations, neighborhood rights, strengthening the network of friends, local cohesion and identity, resilience and the narrative of the sense of experiencing vitality in the company of friends). Finally, according to the identified components and dimensions, a model was designed for social vitality development. Conclusion: The designed model for social vitality development based on meta-synthesis approach can have many practical implications for citizens and officials of urban and governmental organizations and institutions. Accordingly, they can design and implement solutions for social vitality development

Purpose: Psychological capital refers to the state of positive psychological development of a person and it is important and investigated considering thestrive to achieve goals and to undertake and make the necessary effort to succeed in challenging tasks. From the Islamic perspective, psychological capital (PC) is a person's belief in his abilities to achieve success, to have perseverance in pursuing goals, endure problems and having patience in this regard. The purpose of the current research was to design the model of psychological capital from the Islamic perspective in Iran's governmental organizations. Methodology: The current research is considered a mixed research (qualitative-quantitative). The qualitative section included Quran and Nahj al-balagha, and the quantitative section included PC experts, as well as faculty members who have conducted research in the field of PC. In the qualitative section, the study sample selected using complete enumeration and included Quran and Nahj al-Balagha, and to collect the data in the quantitative section, a total of 15 people were selected using purposive sampling method who then answered the questions of the Delphi questionnaire. According to the analysis of the Quran and Nahj al-Balagha, a total of 126 semantic expressions and primary open code as well as 17 PC-related indices were extracted. These indices were merged and then selective coding was carried out. In the second stage, Delphi quantitative research method was used. Finally, PC-related indices and items were extracted and categorized after data collection. Cohen's kappa index was used to validate the coding process and ensure quality control of the factors. Findings: The results of the research showed that the Islamic-based PC included 18 axial codes and 4 selective codes (the self-purification dimension with six axial codes; the patience dimension with two axial codes. Conclusion: the positive thinking dimension with four axial codes and the truth-seeking dimension with six axial codes).

Purpose: Educational activities play an important role in the growth and flourishing of talents and abilities. As a result, the current research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the model of implementing educational activities in the preschool period. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was practical and terms of implementation method was qualitative from type of exploratory. The statistical population of the present study was all the preschool period teachers in the east of Tehran province, numbering 1830 people who based on Cochran's formula the sample size was estimated to be 318 people who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The data was collected with a researcher-made questionnaire of educational activities in the preschool period with 110 items and its face validity was confirmed by the opinion of 30 experts and its reliability was evaluated suitable by Cronbach's alpha method. Data were analysed by exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modelling methods in SPSS and AMOS software. Findings: The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the model of implementing educational activities in the preschool period had 110 indicators in 20 components and 8 dimensions. Its dimensions and components were included goals (with 2 components of general goal and partial goal), content (with 5 components of children's educational ability, analysis ability, content comparison ability, content recombination and content production training), teaching and learning strategies (with 2 component of teaching characteristics and teaching techniques), learning activities (with 2 components of personalized learning and active learning), grouping (with 3 components of individual characteristics of the child, various forms of group activities and emotional and social characteristics), resources (with 3 components of required resources and facilities , characteristics of resources and materials and use of visual resources and materials), evaluation (with 1 component of child evaluation characteristics), time and place (with 2 components of time management and space management) which their content validity ratio was calculated higher than 0.70 and their reliability with Cronbach's alpha method was calculated higher than 0.70. Conclusion: The confirmed model of implementing educational activities in the preschool period of the current research can help the specialists and planners of the education system in designing and implementing programs to improve the educational activities in the preschool period.

Purpose: This study aimed at investigating the effect of competency-based approach on enhancing complexity, accuracy, and fluency of writing of pre-service teachers. Methodology: To this end, an Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT) was administered to 100 Iranian pre-service teachers studying at Farhangian University, of whom 40 upper-intermediate learners were selected and assigned to an experimental group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). The selected participants were both male and female and aged from 19 to 22. Both selected groups were then given a writing test as the pre-test. Subsequently, the experimental group received the competency-based treatment and were proposed to some real-world issues and there was no time limit. However, the traditional styles used for improving the writing skill of the subjects in the control group and a specific time limit was considered for the subjects to do the job. After that, a writing post-test and an attitude questionnaire were delivered to the participants. The obtained data was analyzed using one-way between group analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and one-sample t-test. Findings: The results indicated no significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores of the control group, whereas, the post-test scores of the participants in experimental group were significantly better than their pre-test scores especially regarding complexity. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the teachers should take competency-based approach into consideration in their target language classes to have a more fruitful educational process.

Purpose: The present study was conducted to model the problems of the system of recruitment, retention and training of human resources by the mixed exploratory research method. Methodology: The statistical population of the qualitative part included a number of experts including the senior managers of National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company (NIORDC) and human resource management professors in higher education centers; and employees of the NIORDC (Sari) and Iranian Oil Pipelines and Telecommunication Company (IOPTC) (North) in the quantitative part, n= 835 (789 men and 46 women). In the qualitative part, by the snowball sampling method, 20 people, and in the quantitative part, by relative stratified sampling method based on Cochran's formula, 263 people were selected as the statistical sample. In the qualitative part, the data were extracted by the Delphi technique and semi-structured and structured questionnaires; and the 120-item researcher-made questionnaires in the quantitative part and analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. The content and construct validity of the questionnaires was confirmed. Reliability and composite reliability (CR) were also confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient 84%. Descriptive statistics (mean, variance, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Friedman test) were used for data analysis. Findings: The results showed that the model of problems of the system of recruitment, retention and training of human resources has 6 organizational (internal), environmental (external), occupational, individual (personal), governmental (political) and cultural-social dimensions and 30 components. Conclusion: The results of the quantitative part showed that all dimensions of the research model were confirmed.

Purpose: While it is true that concern should be expressed with the incessant conflicts in Africa, it is also true that the ramifications are very wide. One recurring conflict in the 1990s Nigeria’s educational institutions is the conflict generated among rival cult groups that seemed to defy solution. Several students and, in some cases, lecturers have lost their lives yet there seems to be no end to these killings which seem to occur unexpectedly. Methodology: Applying a sub-cultural group theory, this article analyzed the prevalent factor responsible of this phenomenon. Starting with the analysis of the relations between what it takes to survive in Nigeria and the emergence of violence on campuses of institutions of higher learning, the article suggests that the failure of higher institutions to effectively perform its integrative role, thereby becoming a space for delinquent gang groups, may be connected to failed economic policies. Findings: it argues that it may not be totally true to call the various students groups involved in the on-campus conflict ‘cult’ as their activities and rituals are devoid of any spiritual or religious elements but more about contestations about space and survival. It concludes by suggesting some probable solutions. Conclusion: the educational institution needs to rethink the curricula in relation to the survival of the society wherein what is taught is not based on ‘individualistic but communal virtues.