درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The level of satisfaction with an environment differs among individuals, which may be caused by social, psychological and physical factors. One of the environmental factors affecting physical and mental satisfaction, is the thermal condition of space. In recent years, the importance of thermal comfort has been accentuated due to the climate change and global warming, increasing the number of studies performed on this subject around the world. The objective of the present study is to identify the main concepts raised in Iran about outdoor thermal comfort by studying and classifying the studies in this field and then by identifying the characteristics of each distinguished category of studies. Thus, this study reviews 142 papers written in Iran that were published in the period between 1999 and 2017. The papers are first classified into two main categories (including fundamental studies on thermal comfort and practical studies) and three secondary categories that are subsets of the second main category (including macroscale, mesoscale, and microscale studies). Each category is then studied and analyzed in more details according to the regions and climates considered, methodology and research means, effective factors and thermal indices used for evaluation. Accordingly, strengths and weaknesses of previous studies are identified and suggestions for future studies on the microclimate scale have been made. Eventually, the conceptual model of thermal comfort studies is presented in different climatic scales.

Microclimate in open space affected by the urban layout and spatial forms plays an important role in the outdoor comfort, thus the outdoor activities based on the comfort sensation will directly affected by the spatial forms. An outstanding open space should satisfy different requirements of outdoor activities and create relatively comfortable place.Most studies have been conducted on these relationships only above 0 Celsius degree. However, only few have focused on extreme situations in both hot summer and cold winter. Therefore, from microclimate perspective, taking people’s comfort and spatial behaviors as criterions, this research discussed how the open space forms affect microclimate, thus affect comfort sensation and spatial behaviors. The outcomes may provide some useful insights for planners and architects to understand the relationship among microclimate, open space and people. Results showed that in hot season, shade and air-flow played crucial roles in outdoor comfort. More people tend to stay outside in the shade and the area with higher air velocity. After sunset is popular period for outdoor activities. The ambient temperature lower than 29.6 ℃ , air velocity higher than 1.1m/s and relative humidity higher than 67% is needed to achieve neutral comfort sensation. In cold season, at the same ambient temperature, lower air velocity raised the comfort level. Shade also had influences on comfort sensation but do not affect spatial behaviors significantly. The ambient temperature higher than -14.4 ℃ , air velocity lower than 1.6m/s is the thresholds for an acceptable outdoor environment.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spatial justice in different dimensions (physical, social, economic, and environmental) in order to have balance regarding four regions of Shahriyar city. The spatial justice approach in a city is used for controlling and reducing the physical-spatial inequalities as well as a fair distribution of municipal services and facilities in different areas of the city. In this study, the spatial justice of four areas of Shahriyar city was evaluated with 13 criteria and 27 indicators. This study was carried out through exploratory-analytical research method that used two models of the analytic hierarchy and the shortest distance. Eventually, the final map of different access levels was drawn through combining fuzzy logic with these two models. The findings and obtained results through Topsis model indicated that area 1 of Shahriyar city had the highest rank in social, economic, physical, and environmental indicators. However, the area 3 had unfavorable economic and physical conditions, and area 2 had unfavorable environmental conditions. Having integrated Topsis and Fuzzy models, it was shown that areas 1 and 2 were considered as privileged regions and areas 3 and 4 were respectively determined as the semi-privileged and nonprivileged regions. Moreover, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method indicated that areas 1 and 4 had better conditions and areas 3 and 2 are respectively on the lower levels. Finally, after combining the results of fuzzy and AHP models, the final map was designed. It showed that the areas 1 and 4 were privileged regions; areas 3 and 4 were respectively the semi-privileged and underprivileged regions of the Shahriyar city. Generally, the results of this study indicated that the physical-spatial development of Shahriyar city was unbalanced and did not meet the conditions of equity-based city.

Ever-increasing population and urbanization have had a detrimental effect on the cities and the continuing urbanization resulted in the social, economic, and environmental problems of the cities which is a crisis and the warning for the cities’ sustainability. This situation is also the case in many cities in Iran, which are faced with the consequences of urban rapid growth and the lack of sufficient financial and human resources in the management process. It is well understood that the livability based on the participation of residents in a neighborhood emphasizes on the social capital, public participation and the sense of belonging of the neighborhood residents. This, with an emphasis on the role of people and community in the neighborhood, can provide better outcome to the neighborhood in identifying neighborhood problems and subsequently decision making, planning and the related authorities in a neighborhood. Indicators of this study are socioeconomic, physical, and environmental indicators. The purpose of this research is to identify the threats, opportunities and capabilities of Zone1 in District 9 by using a survey in the form of a five-point Likert scale. This study was done by using the SWOT model and prioritizing them using a Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM). The results of the research show that the construction of class parking, the construction of a hangout, the rehabilitation of existing gardens and parks, defining of the incentive development projects in the state and municipal lands, are of the basic needs of the neighborhood and have the highest priority which are mostly physical and infrastructural.