درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Climate changes, failure to complete the natural cycle of water in the city due to unsustainable construction of the urban environments and increase of impervious surfaces, lack of nutrition of underground aquifer in the cities, unsustainable management of stormwater and the floods due to them in the periods of rainfall caused to provide an approach that is called water sensitive urban design. This approach offers methods in the three parts; Sustainable management of stormwater, domestic scale water management and wastewater management. Different countries have pay to utilize of these methods according to their climatic conditions and their urban forms each in different ways. This study shows for achieve success in use of WSUD methods we need situation and requirements such as: Legal framework, ability of methods to close water cycle in cities to natural water cycle, pay attention to aesthetic concepts and aspects, methods ability to achieve the technical objectives, pay attention to type of methods and the scale of site, pay attention to climate conditions and specifications in implementation of projects, the measure of selected methods efficiency, public acceptance and integrated planning in the projects.

Environmental psychology is one of the subjects that has currently attracted the attention of many people involved in education. Paying attention in school, work, and generally life environments in addition to other elements, can play a significant role in attracting individuals and improving their lifestyle, education and work. Hence, tending to spatial elements in educational environments, especially in primary school, can provide a suitable setting for attracting students, increasing their level of interest in learning, creating mental and physical peace, and correct education of members of the society. This study was performed to separate legible and illegible spaces in the minds of primary school students. The drawings of the educational environment by the students showed legible concepts and images with regards to the intended factors. The results show that the position of spatial elements in mental imaging of boy and girl students with regards to individual, social, and other aspects are different. Some, such as the activity playground are more important for boys, and green space and a colorful setting is important for girls and attracting them to school. In other factors, such as social factors, the two groups are similar. Hence, the use of adequate lines, vibrant and varying colors, decorating the environment, and granting importance to the basic needs of both groups (considering their age and sex) seems necessary.

Fast growing population, excessive expansion of cities, and dominance of automobile in urban life have troubled cities with complicated traffic problems. In many parts of the world, transport network development has always been considered as a solution for this problem. Apparently, one-dimensional ‘traffic solutions’ would never thoroughly bring best results as the city and its problems are complicated and interconnected. However, adding one floor to the existing networks would not necessarily solve traffic congestion. Therefore the aim of this paper is to identify the challenges elevated highways especially Sadr highway imposed on adjacent residential neighborhoods, and to provide recommendations mitigating the negative impacts of these challenges in favor of neighbor residents. Among the different challenges, this paper focuses on those which have instant effects on the potential neighborhoods including environmental, safety, and social challenges which affect nearby residents the most. Accordingly, this study provides policies to reduce noise, air and visual pollution, safety and security issues.

By designing conditions and relaxing spaces with the help of values and concepts of Japanese architecture, based on Zen's philosophy that based on simplicity, purity, avoidance of complexity and relaxation, it has tried to bring an experience of relaxation to the audience. This article seeks to investigate a principled relationship between the principles of Japanese gardens in accordance with the teachings of Zen philosophy, and the effects of its tranquility and cheerfulness. In fact, a set of principles for the design of Japanese gardens influenced by Zen's philosophy can play an effective role in the mental relaxation of the audience from a psychological point of view. The architecture of the Zen Gardens from the point of view: the style of the rocks, the elements of the garden, the types of lines and shapes used in them, and... Have a positive psychological effect on the audience. Relaxation in these gardens can be used in landscape design of public and private buildings in cities that are facing increasing numbers of mental illnesses, so that perhaps the correct architecture could be effective in improving mental illness and promoting community health.

Since nature of architecture is quite different from that of other fields of study, the criteria used for judging projects in this field continuously undergo some changes. On the other hand, because of the undeniable role of human factors in judging the projects, there is always a percentage of deviation from the standard given the interests of the judging committee. The standards of judging architecture projects can be divided into these general classes: idea, process and technical issues. The standards of judging architecture projects can be classified as such: Selection, placement, relations of function, form, volume, internal arrangement and circulation; Considering the studies, analyzing and planning the body of the project; Considering the substrate of the project and recognizing the facilities and their limits; Engineering of the project: considering the relationship between technical knowledge and designing; Using imagination, innovation and creativity when it comes to the idea of the project and the quality of developing this idea; Providence: flexibility and variability of the design in the future; Being aware of the factors affecting the formation of the design (moral, tribal, and cultural); Being practically logical and realistic, paying attention to the applicableness of the design and its compliance with the topic; Taking into account the technical principles, structural systems and machineries; Graphic (visual) and oral (introduction and defense) presentation method. Reviewing previous studies that have focused on different methods for judging student projects shows that we can divide these methods into the following classes: Evaluation by the professors (throughout the project); Group display of the works; Evaluation by the classmates; Personal evaluation; Traditional methods of judgment; Written judgment of the professors; Evaluation by the professor (regarding the completed project).